The Cardillo Travel Systems Essay Example for Free

The Cardillo Travel Systems set aboutReview the Cardillo Travel Systems case in your textbook. Write a four to five (4-5) varlet subject in which you1. Explain the Securities and Exchange Commissions rationale to charge Cardillo executives with each of the following violationsa. making false representations to external auditorsb. failing to maintain accurate financial recordsc. failing to file prompt financial reports with the SECd. violating the insider calling provisions of the federal securities laws2. Determine who was in violation or compliance of the AICPAs Code of Professional stockpile in this case study and analyze the key reasons why they were or were not in compliance. exit support for the rationale. 3. Analyze the actions taken by Cardillos outside auditors and evaluate the level of efficiency of the audit bump management in this case study. Provide support for the rationale. 4. Determine whether or not the five (5) components of interior(a) control were bein g followed. Support the response with at least two (2) examples. 5. Create an argument for or against whether auditors have a responsibility to assess the judgment of the decisions made by Cardillos management. Support the argument. 6. Use at least two (2) quality academic resources in this duty assignment. Note Wikipedia and similar type Websites do not qualify as academic resources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirementsBe typed, double spaced, victimization Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. retard with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a roll up page containing the title of the assignment, the students name, the professors name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are Analyze the process and regulatory requirementsfor professional good decision making. Analyze the critical factors of business, audit, and planning risks, and the process of managing these risks in audit engagements.Analyze an audit poser and assessment process for evaluating the effectiveness of internal controls related to financial reporting. Use technology and information resources to question issues in auditing. Write clearly and concisely about auditing utilise proper writing mechanics. Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic / organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric found here.

Top Two Issues Facing Community College Essay Example for Free

Top Two Issues Facing Community College EssayThis topic came up repeatedly as I was researching life-sustaining issues for higher education in the federation college environment, the vo-tech training schools, and the four-year postsecondary schools. Grace subgenus Chen (2011) writes Community college leaders have not yet formed a consensus on what it means for students to be college ready, which could impact the quality of the education received. This is a problem is because the receiving designs make the entrance requirement and the sum of money subjects (math, English, reading) in these various schools use various tests/standards for placement of students. Also, for the community college, thither is no guarantee that bountiful students will attend in cumulative semesters so there is much more re-teaching required.Community college students plunder be as young as 16 and still in high school actually driven to attend a post-secondary environment, or they can be a middle-a ged person who is divorced, a single pargonnt, just laid-off trying to gain some skills to re-enter the workforce. This major issue liner community colleges, according to this study, is finding the right incentives and support to keep students in school (Chen, 2011, Keeping Students in School, para.1). Arizona participated in a multi-state study that specifically looks at community colleges as the Road to Nowhere. perfect(a) College America (2012) has a four step solution to close remediation exit ramps. These steps are strengthen high school preparation, start students in college-level courses with built-in, co-requisite support, embed needed academic help in multiple gateway courses, and encourage students to enter programs of study when they first enroll. lurchabilityWhile I knew in my arrive as a K-12 educator that this is a concern I had no idea that it was considered a critical issue to the point of earning my honor of spot number two Working with credit transfer agreements (Dual Enrollment, Articulation, simultaneous Enrollment) I am aware of the difficulty that community colleges have in tracking data for students. As part of a federal/state R-POS(rigorous program of study) team Im also acutely aware of how difficult it is to get data from a community college.In addition to the above-mentioned reasons, there is a consensus that transferability is a very difficult problem in the community college environment. According to the College Board (2011), four-year institution leaders have been warned before about the need to enroll more transfers. One reason is because during recessions and scotch declines high school graduation rates tend to decline. This is a typical time for a community college to increase enrollment. Despite considerable effort already generatedlevels of transfer from community colleges to four-year institutions can be alter (Pusser Levin, 2009, Executive Summary, para. 9)ReferencesChen, Grace. June 2, 2011. What are the Biggest Is sues Facing Community Colleges Today? New Study has Answers. http//www.communitycollegereview.com/articles/354 College Board. 2011. Improving Student Transfer from Community Colleges to Four-Year Institutions The Perspective of Leaders from Baccalaureate-Granting Institution. http//advocacy.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/11b3193transpartweb110712.pdf Complete College America. April 2012. Remediation-Higher Educations Bridge to Nowhere. http//www.insidehighered.com/sites/default/server_files/files/CCA%20Remediation%20ES%20FINAL.pdf Pusser, Brian and Levin, John. celestial latitude 2009. Re-imagining Community Colleges in the 21st CenturyA Student-Centered Approach to Higher Education. http//www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2009/12/pdf/community_colleges_reimagined.pdf

Social Injustices Essay Example for Free

Social Injustices EssayIt is obvious today that America has a defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has wedded the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked as insufficient funds. But we refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the big vaults of opportunity in this nation. So we subscribe to come to cash this check a check that give give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. Martin Luther King Jr.In the figment Warriors Dont Cry and the film Remember the Titans the translation of power from whites to African Americans is portrayed in truth clearly reflecting the time period of the late 1950s to the early 1960s. First, in the novel Warriors Dont Cry, when the Little Rock Nine integrated Central High there was a mass cast of white students that wanted to execute them. President Dwight D. Eisenhower tried putting a sto p to this by take in the 101st Airborne to protect the nine students. however, his solution did not go to its full extent, governor Faubus refused this and started taking the soldiers prohibited of the school and replacing them with the Arkansas National Guard. When Governor Faubus did this it aroused many problems such(prenominal) as the nine students were not safe at all and also when an attacker came on to unity of the nine the soldiers just stood there and watched. Also there was a white boy named Link in the novel that helped Melba out.One of the things he did was on a school night he called her warning her not to sit in her assigned seat the abutting day because the segregationist planned something very sinister. So when she entered that class the next day she did not sit in her seat because there was peanut cover and glass in her assigned seat. Next, in the film Remember the Titans Coach Yoast had a chance to be in the hall of fame only if he lost the next football game on purpose.When the Titans came out and smashed the team in that game Coach Yoast was told that he was out of the running. So then the next day when Yoast and Coach Boone were talking, Coach Boone told him that he was a hall of famer in his guards. Also when Julius was waiting international of Gerrys house a cop pulled up next to him and told him that he did very well in the game on the previous night. My favorite part in the film is a great congressman of shifting of power.Was when all the football players were not getting along at camp and Gerry and Julius bonded after a play by saying Left side, Strong side. This was a turning point in the ikon because it showed the team that it was okay to trust a person of another color, they were a team. Another example was on the first day of school Gerry introduces his girlfriend Emma to Julius, and when Julius sticks out his hand to shake hers and she walks away in anger.However later in the season Emma comes down on the football fiel d during a game and shakes Julius hand. each(prenominal) in all, even though today we do not have all these problems we still have them in our society but if these things would not have happened we would not be where we are today. In the book Warriors Dont Cry and the movie Remember the Titans there are many different generation when there is a shift of power such as when Julius and Gerry become best friends and when the president assigns military to protect nine black students.

The Nice Guy Essay Example for Free

The Nice Guy moveMaybe hell say hes ? n eithery ready to pass me the baton. disclose a focal point to ? nalize the data. Who was helping you out, Lynne or Aaron? Neither? Ugh. All safe, all right. Call me when youre on your reppresentation in to the of? ce, OK? See ya. Hangs up. Damn. This totally messes up my morning. Now Ill have to try to hack my way through the spreadsheet before the meeting. I cant imagine what its like taking administer of a parent with a terminal illness. How awful. and Lisas really slipping. She was such a ball of fire and a great operations manager, plainly her focus has been shot since her mother got sick.Instead, he was starting a new media company. The notion of leaving a great business sector at TRH and joining his team up was the furthest thing from my mind, yet the crazy guy pitched me so hard I couldnt resist. And he was right. He knew that companies would need a strategic partner that could provide creative ideas in all media prin t, radio, TV, and that information superhighway I keep hearing about. Daner was going to be that partner. Weve had our ups and downs, but its been an fabulous ride. Up from ? ve people to over a hundred, a client list that boasts some of the biggest companies in the world.And the exceed part is, its just the beginning. Larry is still a tiger, but hes getting a bit tired and deprivations to golf. I cant blame him for that. Its de? nitely time for him to retire. Lately I could swear hes been doing the nudge-nudge, winkwink in my direction. George thinks hes in the running too, but I think hell be cool with reporting to me. Wonder Once Im CEO, should I put George in charge of our European expansion? A footprint in Europe allow for make us even more indispensable to our clients. It will make us a orbiculate leader, not just a domestic shop. George has done well under Larry for the past two years.He was pretty psyched about his promotion to VP of business development. Hes great on t he technical eradicate of things, but he still needs more polish and experience with customers. He is feisty, though incessantly willing to take on anything. And hell challenge Larry at the drop of a hat. Im surprised Larry puts up with it and doesnt chop him complete at the knees. Still, when it comes to people, Larry can really be so hard-nosed. His take- no-prisoners attitude is understandable when bidding on business but not when it comes to people. Like when Larry said Lisas become a liability lately he even hinted about replacing her.Ugh. Lay off Lisa? I can barely think the words, let alone say them to her. Shes always been my right arm. She usually k straights what Im thinking even before I do. Sure, Jim or Andrea could eventually cross the role of operations manager, but theres a steep learning curve. Note to ego Have another heart-to-heart with Lisa to discuss the possibility of reducing her workload for a whileor peradventure see how shed feel about taking a leave of absence that would let her focus on her mom. I really want the one-time(a) Lisa back. 738 AM passageway Edgewater Park on the Shoreway This traf? c is ridiculous. If I leave by 600, Im golden.But if I wait until after 630 to wake Sheila and the kids on my way out, Im hosed. At least today I get to see an amazing sunrise. Bonus. Man, I could jog quicker than this. I remember all those brainstorming jogs with Larry along the lake. It was great to compare notes and talk about the future. For an old guy, he did pretty well up until his heart attack three years ago. I more or less lost it last week when he said that he was going to start jogging once more and hes aiming to run the Boston Marathon in April. Please, Larry, stick with golf and sailing Itll be fun to blow him forward with the strategy and the numbers.Its been a ton of work preparing for this, but now were ready. We can mobilize quickly once he outflows us the green light. Im a little surprised that hes stayed away f rom our recent planning sessions. I ruling hed want to provide some feedback and direction. Perhaps its his way of pulling back and empowering me before handing me the reins. So, the million-dollar question is What will he say? I think I know the answer. Hell love the bottom linethat he can golf and sail as much as he wants. Hell like his new chairman-only role so that he can step away from the dayharvard business reviewBetween you and me, Im not totally ruling out compromise, but you need to push back. Remind them how much business weve given them over the years, and remember were public lecture about a big chunk of change here. Besides, they should have caught the mistake. You can do this, Justin. Keep me posted. I cant believe this. More problems? Abbe Printing had to redo the whole thing because of their mistake, and now that rep Randy is trying to convince Justin that Daner should split the cost of the reprint with them? Forget it I cant stand it when people try to take adva ntage. I grew up in a print shop, for cryin out loud.Gimme a break Justin does have a point, though. The murky print specs Lisa prepared on that job created a bit of a gray area in terms of culpability, but still we give Abbe dozens of jobs a year. Over $2 million in revenues, Ill bet We could be hardnosed on this. Sticking us with a bill like this just doesnt feel right. Stillmaybe theres room for compromise. I know that Randy is a good guy, and besides, theyve gone to a higher place and beyond the call of duty for us many times. I really dont want to torch that vendor relationship. a little after the kids go to school.

Issues Analysis- Indigenous People Essay Example for Free

Issues Analysis- innate People EssayAs the British arrived on the wreak of the indigene pack they hoped to absorb the aboriginal people into their culture to work in the innovative colony. The aboriginal people tried to avoid the settlers but as the work became to a greater extent than occupied wholesaler became unavoidable. Governor Phillip wanted to avoid any unnecessary conflict so he treated the aboriginal people with kindness and ordered his soldiers not to shoot any of them. He captured many aboriginals and one of them was Bennelong. He wanted them to learn English and act as translators between the Indigenous groups and the British.There were clashes over the land and culture of Aboriginals and the British. Phillip ignorantly ordered his soldiers to fire at the Aboriginal people as he has already tried to civilise them and assimilate them into the British culture and society was not work as he had hoped. The Aboriginal peoples saw that the British settlers were p utting up fences clearing the land, restricting access and introducing different animals so they started to think that the British were invading, this lead to retaliation from the Aboriginals.By 1797, attitudes and policy toward the Indigenous peoples had changed. No longer did the political science decide to assimilate the Indigenous peoples, but rather have a new policy and that was to go on them out. In 1800 Governor King had reported to the British presidential term the number of Aboriginal people killed in fighting was far greater than the number of British people killed. The common response from the government to the Aboriginal resistance was to send expeditions of solders to punish any groups that threatened settlers and farms.These soldiers hunted and killed groups of Indigenous people that were persuasion to have been stealing stock, aliment and gener aloney harassing the settlers. Government instructions after 1800 were to fire at all indigenous peoples until they were far past from British settlements. As the British settlement gotten bigger, the Indigenous peoples lost more and more of their land and many of their family members. They became more reliant on the British settlers to provide them food, shelter and water.As their traditional life was slowly eroding, many Aboriginal people started living on the outskirts of towns or started working as servants or slaves for the British settlements. The inability for the Aboriginal people to succeed in this era it caused a change in the European view of the time, that Indigenous peoples were inferior, and were unable to look after themselves or the land. heretofore not all contact was violent with the British settlers and the Aboriginal people. At times there was companionable contact and peace. Some Aboriginal peoples voluntarily became part of the British society.There is also plenty of show up that groups of Indigenous peoples helped Europeans when they were in trouble and this was quite often , as life for British settlers was extremely hard in the early years of the colony. British colonisation of Australian started in Sydney in 1788. The rapidly occurring consequences within weeks of the frontmost colonists arrival was a wave of European epidemic diseases such as smallpox, chickenpox, influenza and measles. These diseases change the largest nation densities where these diseases could spread easier.The next consequence of British settlement was water resources and the management of land. The settlers viewed Indigenous Australians as Nomads with no civilised concept of land ownership, who could be charged from the land wanted for farming. The aboriginals would easily migrate elsewhere. The tinge on the aboriginals was fatal as there was loss of traditional lands, water resources and food sources, as the communities were affected by European diseases. The spiritual and cultural cohesion and well- world was affected because of the communities being forced away from the traditional areas.The settlers brought sexually transmitted diseases, and indigenous Australians had no tolerance and therefore greatly reduced richness and birth-rates. Settlers were responsible for introducing the alcohol, opium and tobacco, and substance abuse has remained a huge problem for Indigenous communities. The result of disease, loss of land and violence reduced the Aboriginal population by an estimated 90% between 1788 and1900. Smallpox alone killed more than 50% of the Aboriginal population. Up to 3000 white people were killed by Indigenous Australians in the frontier violence. most(prenominal) Indigenous people became a significant source of labour. Most of the work was unpaid, instead they survived on the rations that the workers receive such as forms of food, clothing ad other basic necessities. In many areas of Australia Christian missions donated food and clothing for the indigenous people and opened schools and orphanages for Indigenous children. In some place s of Australia colonial governments provided some resources. In 1914 around 1200 Aboriginal people answered the call to arms as the war was desperate for new recruits. many a(prenominal) Indigenous people claimed they were Indian or cook islanders to avoid the laws of no indigenous people being in the defence force. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_AustraliansThe_impact_of_British_settlement There are many health promoting strategies today such as ii Ways Together NSW Aboriginal Affairs Plan 2003-2012, COAG Agreement, they set six hatchways for closing the disadvantage gap between the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, CEO performance agreements. Resetting the relationship with Indigenous Australians is important and this partnership must be respectful.It takes both parties to make a difference. Recent research by Reconciliation Australia indicates that Australians have a strong desire to better understand the Indigenous peoples. Acknowledging Indigenous dis advantage is a national business that will require the engagement of the Australian Community. The government has committed to working in partnership with Indigenous Australians, businesses, state and territory governments and community organisations. http//www. skwirk. com. au/p-c_s-56_u-415_t-1040_c-4006/british-aboriginal-relations-1788-1820/qld/sose-history/first-australians-and-the-european-arrivals/settlement-1788-1850.

Crucible and McCarthyism Essay Example for Free

crucible and McCarthyism EssayIn American History there were two proceedings that were very similar, yet three hundred years apart. The capital of Oregon Witch Trials took place in 1692, the seventeenth century and McCarthyism took place in 1948 between 1956, the mid 20th century. These two proceedings atomic number 18 cognize as two of the greatest mass tragedies in America. The crucible is an allegory of McCarthyism or in other words the second Red Scare. During McCarthyism the United States was petrified of Communists influence. Many peck in both the Crucible and McCarthyism who feared the court provided names of suspects in an attempt to save themselves. Throughout these two proceedings, there is the concept of mass hysteria. Mass hysteria is a form of group thinking in which several mess hold back something in common and begin to think in the same way. The Crucible began as a way for the oppressed girls to avoid being punished. The girls and so found this to be an paragon way to get revenge on anyone whom you dis akind. People started accusing their neighbors of being witches so they could steal their farmland. Others, like Abby, accused others of being witches if they wanted to steal their husband or wives, or even possessions. The McCarthy hearings, as they were known as, were known to have dominated our country.These hearings, were of suspects being related to communism, were interviewed and forced to give up the names of others, or they were imprisoned, and their names were black listed. One similarity between McCarthyism and the Salem Witch Trials is that everybody is doing it mentally. The lives of the innocent people were ruin in both eras because of all the accusations and punishments. Both the people accused in the Salem Witch Trials and the people accused in The McCarthy hearings were found chargeable with such little evidence. There were so many unpopulated accusations, with little to no proof. During the Crucible time period, those accused of being witches were sometimes sentenced to be tied to a rock and thrown in a pond, and if they sank, they were declared innocent, but if they somehow survived the dunking, then they were shown to be witches and then executed. Most of those found guilty of witchcraft were hung. In the Crucible, Giles Corey was pressed to death with rocks, because he refused to plead guilty or innocent. Throughout the Crucible peoples names are destroyed even when they are completely innocent. In the book The Crucible by Arthur Miller, John Proctor states, Because it is my name Because Icannot have another in my life Because I lie and sign myself to lies Because I am not worth(predicate) the dust on the feet of them that hang How may I live without my name? I have given(p) you my soul leave me my name(Miller)

Attila the Hun - Short Story Essay Example for Free

Attila the Hun Short Story Essaywhy were the military campaigns of Attila the Hun victorful? Attilas military success will be explained through his ability to seduce the roman prints into contend on a pretext whenever the roman prints were vulnerable. His motives behind each war was to abstract as a great deal money from the Romans as possible. Also to be explored will be his ability to assert psychological subordination over the eastern Emperor at a time when the twain conglomerates were at peace. what is more than to be examined will be his ability to portray himself as diplomatic through treaties and embassy consultations between the Romans and the Huns. Also to be looked at will be how successful was Attilas at creating and seizing opportunities This will be make by loo big businessman at Attilas campaigns in the eastbound and air jacket Roman conglomerates. After the conclusion of their Uncle Rua 435/6, Attila and his blood brother B leada took control o f the Hunnic conglomerate. The two brothers decided to renegotiate the relationship that existed between their Uncle Rua and the Eastern Roman conglomerate based in Constantinople.The treaty set up by Rua, stipulated that, the Romans paid him an annual aid of 350 lbs of gold. He likewise demanded fugitives who had fled to the Romans and threatened war if they were not returned. The negotiations took place near the urban center of Margus in 438. According to Priscus the run into took place according to both parties customs. The Huns would hear what the Romans had to say epoch mounted on horseback while the Romans discussed the meeting on foot. The Huns dictated the new terms of the treaty, referred to as the Peace of Margus. The Huns decided the annual subsidy was to be raised to the sum of 700lbs. The treaty too fixed that for every Roman captive who had get a federal agency from the barbarians, the Romans must pay eight pieces of gold. The treaty also predetermined that all fugitives must be returned to the Huns.Furthermore the emperor Theodosius was to relinquish any ongoing treaties with enemies of the Huns. Moreover the Huns were to conduct the way the free markets on the northerly side of the Danube were controlled. Attila used the markets as a pretext to wage war on the east. The free markets were attacked by Hunnic traders in 441/2 killing Roman merchants during the raid. Theodosius complained that the Huns had violated the Peace of Margus. The Huns reported to the Romans that the Bishop of Margus had crossed over to their rule and robbed their royal tombs. They complained that the Romans had not honoured the Peace of Margus by refusing to return fugitives to them. Additionally, they demanded the Bishop be handed over as well. The conditional relation of these allegations was central to the Huns plan for an attack during the campaigning sea male child. The Romans refused both claims and war was declared.Having successfully provoked the Easte rn Romans into a war had been a strategic move by the Hunnic leader. Attila knew the eastern Roman field forces were based in Sicily on a joint expedition with the Western Empire to recapture Carthage from the Vandals led by office Geseric. The North Afri tramp campaign was partially why Theodosius readily agreed to the treaty of Margus. He thinking it would give the east breathing space. Moreover Carthage was crucial to the Western Empire as it provided capital of Italy with grain. subtile that the east was vulnerable, the Huns would cause carnage through let on the Balkans. Margus was a key city that opened up the Balkans for the Hunnic assault of the east. The Bishop of Margus defected to the Huns. In return for clemency he handed over the Episcopal city. The Huns swept through the Balkans facts of life cities to the ground. The key fortified city of Naissus was be besiegingd and taken. Priscus gives an account of the siege.He states a large rate of Hunnic siege engines had been brought up to the wallthe so called rams were brought up alsoA beam is suspended by slack chains. However, Professor E.A Thompson disputes that the siege occurred and that Priscus borrows heavy on Thucydides account of the Battle at Plataea. Professor Thompson states four reasons to argue his read/write head, among them the Huns inept ability to render such machines and also it is unlikely that the Hunnic archers, who rarely dismounted, would on this occasion oblige left wing their horses for a whole alien form of warfare. On the other hand, they may have been quite capable of such twist for it is well documented they had enslaved many tradesmen. As for example in the bath which was made for the Hunnic noble Onegesius by a craftsman who was captured at Sirmium. Nevertheless the Huns ransacked and pillaged the Balkans taking fortified cities along the way such as Viminacium, Illyricum and defeated the Roman army at Chersonese. According to Brian Croke, In 441 the Huns inv aded Illyricum only and in 442 broke into northern Thrace .The Romans sued for peace and the Treaty of Anatolius was agreed. Attila terms demanded that the annual tribute be tripled to 2,100 pounds of gold. He also compelled the Romans to surrender all Hun deserters and to ransom their aver deserters at a rate of twelve solidi each. The treaty, however, contained one preparedness that had no precedent. Attila forced the Romans to make an immediate payment of 6,000 pounds of gold. Attilas plan to force a war to bring ab appear higher subsidies had worked. He would devastate the Balkans for a second time in 447 when he came looking for subsidies that were in arrears. When Atillas second campaign of the Balkans began in 447 he was sole leader of the Huns after having his brother Bleda killed in 445/6. A year later an embassy was move by Attila to the Imperial court to address the wall plug of arrears and fugitives.The Romans were now feeling in a stronger position. They had introdu ced a new law in 443 which insured military machine readiness for the Eastern Field forces. They had been strengthened by a recruitment of a large number of Isaurians traditionally bandits- from the high arrives of Cilicia in south-west Asia Minor. Moreover the Eastern army had been forced to return from Sicily after Attilas first campaign. Attila turned as far south to Thermopylae and then west, ransacking Marcianople, Arcadiopolis, and Callipolis. An earthquake at Constantinople had occurred, Attila decided to turn back. The Imperial City was heavily fortified with triple walls that had been repaired hastily after the earthquake. The legislated forces Readiness law was of little use to the Romans as Attila wreaked havoc on an unprecedented scale.The results were the same as the first campaign, the Romans sued for peace and the second treaty of Anatolius was agreed. More subsides was agreed and a large track of kingdom to act as a buffer zone between the Huns and the Romans was approved. Attila had succeeded at luring the Eastern Empire into war on a pretext to extort more subsidies. He was also adept at maintain his psychological domination, by humiliating the Eastern Emperor Theodosius at Constantinople. Theodosius was humiliated in 449 when his Eunuch Chrysaphius crosshatched a plot to assassinate Attila. The Plot was unbeknown to the Roman ambassador Maximinus, and his escort Priscus. They were sent to Attilas camp to discuss issues in the treaty such as the ongoing fugitives case and the issue of the land used as a buffer zone. To give a picture of the devastation Attila caused in the Balkans. Prisucus relates how when travelling to Attilas court in 449 they break shortped at Naissus to pitch tent, he states how the place was littered with study from Attilas first campaign. Attilas refusal to meet the missionaries irritated Maximinus and Priscus.He tenacious them to leave then ordered them to stay. Maximinus and Priscus were at a loss to Attilas behaviour. Maximinus was frustrated and urged Priscus to arrange a meeting with Attila. Priscus succeeded by go gifts to Onegesius brother Scottas to secure them a meeting with Attila. The two missionaries were shocked when it was revealed to them by Attilas men the point of their mission. After nothing left to stay for they departed home despaired. They met their interpreter Bigilas travelling back to Attilas court whom he had dismissed earlier. When they had initially left Constantinople, Chrysaphius had persuaded Edeco to kill Attila. Edeco had arrived in Constantinople the previous spring as a Hunnic ambassador and was now returning to Attilas camp along with Maximinus and Priscus. Edeco a faithful and trustful servant to Attila had revealed the details at erstwhile. When Bigilas arrived he was immediately set upon by Attilas men and a bag with 50lbs of gold was found in his possession.It was the reward money to Edeco if he had succeeded in killing Attila. Bigilas son was th reatened with death if he did not come back with some other 50lbs of gold. Attila sent his Roman secretarial assistant Orestes as a Hunnic ambassador to Constantinople with the empty bag around his neck. His instructions were to ask Theodosius if he recognised the bag. Priscus gives a clear account of the humiliation when he states Eslas was to say directly that Theodosius was the son of a nobly born father, and Attila too was off noble descentwhereas Attila had preserved his noble linage, Theodosius had lapseen from his and was Attilas slave adjoin to the payment of tribute. Attila had succeeded at psychologically humiliating Theodosius. Furthermore, as the interpreter returned with the 50lb of gold to free his son, Attila had gained more subsidies in the form of 100lbs gold even though the two sides were at peace. Priscus observed an interesting point at Attilas court.He noticed Attila was asking western ambassadors to hand over a fluent plate dealer who resided in Rome, name d Silvanus. Attila claimed Silvanus had stolen gold vessels from him. Silvanus maintained he had bought the vessels from Attilas secretary Constantius. Attila had Constantius crucified and called for the surrender of the Silvanus. The Roman General Aetius refused Attilas demand. Aetius declared that Silvanus was Constantius creditor, despite the fact that he did offer to pay for the price of the vessels he would not hand over the innocent Silvanus. Attila had got his pretext to wage war in the west. Moreover in c.450 a Frankish succession crisis brought about a situation where one claimant appealed to the Huns and the other to the Vatican. In 451 Attila left the Hungarian plains and turned westwards to Gaul. The Hunnic invasion of Gaul was accompanied by allies such as the Rugian, Gepid, Burgundian, Scirian, Thuringian and Franks.They initially swept away defenceless cities such as Metz and Constantines old Imperial city at Trier. At the city of Orleans they met heavy resistance fro m the Alans who were in the service of the Romans. Aetius and Theodoric along with some(prenominal) other mercenary tribes manage to lure Attila away from Orleans. The following month was the Battle of Chalons on the Catalaunian fields. The encounter of Catulaunian Fields is regarded as one of the decisive battles of the western world. Attilas army was defeated by Aetius who correspond the incapable Western Emperor Valentinian. Both sides suffered heavy losses, the Gothic king Theodoric had been killed in the battle. Aetius advised Theodorics son Thorismud to return home to defend his claim to the throne, as a result disabling Aetius hunt of the battle against the Hunnic alliance.Attila retreated back to the Hungarian plains to plan his next move. Within a year the Huns were on the move again. The Western Emperor Valentinian sister Honoria had been caught having an affair and was bethrothed to another man named Herculanus. She sent her eunuch Hyacinthus to Attila earlier he ent ered Gaul offering herself as his wife and half the western Empire as her dowry. She had sent her ring as proof of her commitment. Attila waged war on Italy in 452 on the pretext he was empower to half the Western Empire. Attila pillaged the wealthiest cities in northern Italy most notably Aquileia and Milan.When he was marching towards Rome papal legend claims Pope Leo persuaded him to abandon his plan and not to attack Rome. More virtual(a) issues would be his incompetence in preparing a supply line of food for his huge army. It could also be said the army was suffering from breakouts of various diseases. Furthermore an Eastern Roman General also named Aetius had invaded Attilas kingdom. Nonetheless, Attila decided to return home to his vast Empire north of the Danube where he died the following year on his wedding night.The Huns had been inadvertently responsible for creating the instability the Western Empire now faced. Attilas predecessors had forced, Germanic, Alans, Suevi a nd other tribes into the Empire for sanctuary. In 376 the Romans were beseeched by Goths north of the Danube to be admitted into the Empire who had been retreating under Hunnic Pressure. They had been driven from their lands by the Huns and were now carrefour the Danube to reach the Empire. When the Goths were admitted into the Empire during the late fourth century, the authorities gave them food and land to cultivate. The Eastern Emperor Valens viewed them as foedearti and more taxes this would benefit the army and treasury alike. Moreover the rich landowners would benefit from their labourer. Too many refugees came crossways for the Romans to count, but it may possibly have been in the tens or hundreds of thousands. Many were dispersed to whether they were needed to stop them becoming a threat to the Empire.The displacement of the Goths by the Huns and acceptance by Emperor Valens is often viewed as the beginning of the end for the Western Roman Empire. The invitation quickly tu rned to attempted invasion when the Romans in the east suffered their worst defeat in 600 years at the battle of Adrianople in 378. The Goths led by king Fritergen killed the emperor Valens not until the ninth century would another emperor die in battle. They slaughtered two thirds of the Eastern Roman army. It was a self inflicted wound, near crippling the east. If the Goths had been treated better in the east, they may have helped the Romans face the Hunnic hordes already closing in from the Steppes. Furthermore slightly more than three decades later the Visigoths led by Alaric would sack Rome in 410.These two conquests in the east and west is discernable the once mighty Roman Empires glory days were almost at an end. By the time the Huns had turned west from the Hungarian plains into Gaul, the west was already a change Empire through lose of land, taxes and military power. By the time of Attilas arrival the Western Empire was dominated by barbarian tribes. Germanic forces had f ought and weakened the empire in northern Gaul. Consequently it seems to have become a patchwork of territories ruled by unrecognised chiefs, leaders whose authority was based upon Roman titles, and barbarian warlords. The tribes were dominant enough to conduct their own foreign policy and more importantly, alliances, without Roman approval. For example Theodoric married his one of his daughters to the heir of the Vandal throne and another to the Suevic king.In Gaul 406, 408, and 411, the Romans had fought among themselves and suffered heavy losses. Supported by the Huns in 425 they suffered further losses at the manpower of the Vandals. In 439 Aetius was fighting the Goths in Gaul in and restoring order against local rebels named by Romans as Bagaudae at Aremorica. Geseric took advantage and took Carthage by surprise. Due to the manpower crisis the Empire could not afford to fight on two fronts. To protect Carthage, Aetius had to make peace with the Gothic king Theodoric to free h imself in order to fight the Vandals. Aetius had increasingly become heavily depended upon recruiting barbarian allies outside the Empire.. Attila made unsuccessful attempts to extract wealth from the west.Attilas campaigns can be measured as successful through his tactics, his ability to lure the Romans into war on a pretext. He tended to act diplomatic by negotiating treaties then he would dishonour his own treaty and blame the Romans, Attila repeatedly used the issue fugitives as a case to wage war. Attilas success can be measured on his achievements through the raising of subsides with each treaty. Attila achieved what he had set out to do from the start and that was to get as much money from the Romans as possible. Attila never wanted to whip Constantinople or Rome.He wanted to extract as much subsides as he could. The Eastern Empire collected taxes from Egypt to Asia Minor and the Huns had no navy to uphold this lucrative adventure. It was easier for them to collect of the Ro mans. His successful campaigns were planned strategically. His campaigns can be measured by breaking up an important joint East-West enterprise to save Carthage. This is also the case in the west. He knew it was in a factional position and politically unstable. It was an opportunity Attila Seized upon. Attila campaigns were thought out in advance and sometimes long before the enemy realised. Attila could also be tactful evident to this was shown hen Attila humiliated Theodosius. 1 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443. in The American Journal of Philology, Vol. XCV11, No. 2 (1976), p.178 2 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., p.177 3 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire A new history of Rome and the barbarians (USA, 2006), p.301 4 . E. Gibbon, (2012-05-12). History ofthe Decline and fall of the Roman Empire muckle 3 (Kindle Locations 3917-3922). . Kindle Edition. 5 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.301 6 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Hun s of 443., p.177 7 . E. Gibbon, (2012-05-12). History of the Decline and fall of the Roman Empire Volume 3 (Kindle Locations 3998-4001). . Kindle Edition. 8 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443, p.178 9 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 10 . R. Blockley, Dexippus and Priscus and the Thucydidean account of the siege of Plataea. in Phoenix, Vol. XXV1, No. 1 (1972), p.25 11 . R. Blockley, Dexippus and Priscus and the Thucydidean account of the siege of Plataea, p.25 12 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., pp. 176-179 13 . B.Croke, The Context and Date of Priscus Fragment 6. Classical Philology, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Oct., 1983), pp. 297-308 14 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., pp. 176-179 15 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 16 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 17 . knightly Sourcebook, Priscus at the court of Attila (http//www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ origin/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) 18 . Medieval Sour cebook, Priscus at the court of Attila (http//www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) 19 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.324 20 . Medieval Sourcebook, Priscus at the court of Attila (http//www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) 21 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West 376-568 (UK, 2007), p.250 22 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.324 23 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.253 24 . E.A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians, p.16 25 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.252 26 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.252 27 . G.Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West 376-568, p.254 28 . P. Heather. The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in The English Historical Review, Vol. 110, No. 435 (Feb., 1995), p.11 29 . J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided 400-700 (UK, 2001), p12 30 . E.A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians The decline of the Western Empire (USA, 1982), p.16 31 . J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.12 32 . J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.62 33 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.243 34 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.247 35 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.245 36 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.254 37 . J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.53