Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Case Study Facebook (A) or (B)

Faceable have aided organizational communication by spreading information fast and father. In reality formal chain of command is an incomplete communication, so organizations need to develop informal communication network to better transmit information, such as grapevine. For example, the statuses on Faceable can contribute to the transmission of information. Although face-to-face interview is high in information richness, non-verbal language also has an important impact on the outcome of employment interview decision.For example, with the pictures posed on Faceable, the clothing people wears can transmit clear signals. On the other hand, it is complicated to transmit information through new media because with not all informal communication bring benefit to organizations, such as rumors. Therefore, organizations should focus on rumor control, and online media (Faceable) needs to enhance private information security because personal information may be misused by hostile person.Miranda ' reaction would not the same when she heard the rumor about Rick's activity which is not rue because interview, including face-to-face interview, telephone conversation etc. Is relatively higher in richness than rumor which Is thought belong to â€Å"chat† type. For example, Miranda has had an interview with Rich, so Miranda has more potential information about Pick with highly non-verbal and Para-verbal cues. Yes, it reflects the â€Å"one up, one down† of gender differences In communication because men tend to be more sensitive to power dynamics than women.For example, men are more boastful about their competence; Instead, women are low-key In showing their viability, so women Is considered In a one down position. Therefore, Deborah decreases the times of posing something on Faceable or even no accounts on Faceable. Miranda should hire Deborah. Pictures and statuses can show what Rick really looks like. Rick are more boastful about his capabilities than Deborah, and he minimizes his weakness In performance. Moreover, It Is easy to regular verbal behavior during Interview, so Miranda should turn attention to non-verbal cues. If Miranda hires Rick, uncertainty and risks will Increase.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Jane Eyre: Christian Values

Throughout the novel, Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte, Jane struggles to find the right balance between moral duty and earthly pleasure; between obligation to her spirit and attention to her physical and emotional needs. She lives most of her childhood as a rebellious and defiant youth, but the impact of those whom she is surrounded by helps her grow and develop into a disciplined woman of the Christian faith. Bronte represents Christianity with three major characters: Helen Burns, Mr. Brocklehurst, and St. John. The saint-like Helen Burns practices selfless faith and is able to love those who persecute her. Mr. Brocklehurst is a hypocritical Christian and uses religion as justification for his cruelty. St. John has a strong religious conviction and an equally powerful sense of duty and mission in spreading the word of Christianity. The Christian values Helen Burns, Mr. Brocklehurst, and St. John Rivers demonstrate are extremely influential in Jane’s Christian life and how she comes to define her own faith and values. During her stay at Lowood School, Jane develops a close relationship with Helen Burns. Jane considers both Helen and herself as alienated from the other students. Though a brief character in the novel, Helen’s model of Christianity helps Jane discover how to live her life like a true Christian. Helen endures cruel treatment and forgives the people who abuse her with humble self-restraint and grace. Her view is primarily that you should, â€Å"Love your enemies; bless them that curse you; do good to them that hate you and despitefully use you. † (p. 0) However, this outlook is not easily accepted by Jane who cannot understand Helen’s belief of tolerance of injustice. You can read also Analysis of Literary Devices of Jane Eyre Young Jane believes, â€Å"When we are struck at without reason, we should strike back very hard†¦ so as to teach the person who struck us to never do it again. †(p. 60) Even as Helen is lying on her death bed conversing with Jane about God, she expresses an attitude of unquestioning faith. â€Å"Why, then, should we even sink overwhelmed with distress, when life is so soon over, and death is so certain an entrance to happiness – to glory? † (p. 2) Helen eagerly awaits her impending death so that she may soon be with God. Jane is so intrigued with her friend’s strong trust in God that she eventually matures into a woman of the same devout faith. Mr. Brocklehurst undeniably characterizes the false Christian who disguises their hypocrisy and cruelty behind the pretense or doctrines of self-righteous Christianity. Mr. Brocklehurst manipulates Christian doctrine to serve his own needs and agenda and Jane sees the deceit of his behavior as it contrasts so grossly with the true Christian virtues that Helen possesses. His behavior oppresses others while Helen’s uplifts and serves those she encounters. At Lowood, Jane and the other girls are fearful of Mr. Brocklehurst who uses religion as a rationalization for their poor living conditions. He even goes so far as to chastise Miss Temple for providing the girls with an extra meal when their breakfast had been unfit to eat. He sternly rebukes her by saying, â€Å"A judicious instructor would take the opportunity of referring to the sufferings of the primitive Christians; to the torments of the martyrs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p. 5) and considers the persecution of the early Christians as the justification for avoidable poor treatment of his students. Also in the same chapter, Mr. Brocklehurst's hypocritical nature is evident when he insists that the girls' hair be cut because curls are un-Christian and not modest enough, while his wife and two daughters have their hair styled in curls and dressed in velvets, silks, and furs. Jane rejects this double sta ndard because of its obvious cruel hypocrisy and recognizes the importance of true Christian morality and integrity in her own practice of faith. The handsome blonde-haired, blue-eyed parson, St. John, is described in both physical and spiritual appealing terms by Jane. Yet, Jane identifies the conflict demonstrated by St. John’s ambition in pursuing an admired, self-sacrificing mission in the church versus her need for emotional bonding and passion to fulfill her need for personal freedom, love and emotional support. St. John is not hypocritical like Mr. Brocklehurst in his practice of faith, but rather described as â€Å"patient and placid† with little expression of personal relationship with God in Christianity. St. John wants Jane to imitate his Christianity as a duty instead of a relationship and vocation. He wants her to marry him and admonishes her to forgo her own independence and possible vocation as a housewife in submission to the â€Å"will of God† and serve with him in India as a missionary. In trying to convince her of her â€Å"moral duty† and that refusing him would be refusing the will of God, Jane realizes her own Christian identity. St. John: â€Å"One fitted to my purpose, you mean—fitted to my vocation. Again I tell you it is not the insignificant private individual—the mere man, with the man’s selfish senses—I wish to mate: it is a missionary. †(p. 408) Jane: â€Å"Oh! I will give my heart to God,† I said. â€Å"You do not want it. † (p. 409) In the end, she turns away from St. John and towards a relationship in which she finds that true individual freedom is not found in loneliness and duty, but in relationships built on emotional dependency and vocation. Jane was once a stubborn and boisterous child who would fight back and stand up for herself without regard for Christian humility or values. However, with the opportunity to witness the modeling of faith of significant characters in the book Jane Eyre, Jane develops and embraces her own Christian beliefs. Helen Burns, exemplifies a devout, forgiving, and self-sacrificing faith through her gentle and calm nature and faith expression, but lacks the tenacity that is inherent to Jane’s nature. Brocklehurst’s hypocritical treatment of the girls at Lowood is an injustice that Jane is too just to ever repeat. St. John demonstrates duty versus vocation and his lack of passion contrasts with the intense need for relationship both in her relationship with God and her expression of that through her vocation as a housewife. It is through these characters that Jane encounters in the novel that she is able to learn and deepen the understanding of her own faith. In the end, it is the times of extreme distress when she turns to prayer that she finds answers in the quiet conversations between her and God. It is through all t hese encounters that Jane grows into a confident woman of Christian faith.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Zara Case Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Zara Case Analysis - Research Paper Example This paper analyzes Zara’s current IT infrastructure with regards to its strategy and makes recommendations on the way to go forward. Description of the case The case details the dilemma that Mr. Xan Salgado Badas, the Head of IT for the clothing giant Inditex, is currently facing with regards to the IT infrastructure of Inditex’s flagship brand Zara. Mr. Salgado needs to decide whether to upgrade Zara’s IT infrastructure or retain the status quo. From the case we can tell that the Inditex’s Head of IT had been deliberating on this issue for quite some time; he and Mr. Bruno Sanchez Ocampo – the technical lead for Zara’s POS - had swopped roles as protagonist and antagonist several times before as they endeavored to evaluate the weight of each side of the argument. To enable us appreciate the dilemma that Salgado was facing the case describes Zara’s business model. The company derived its competitive edge from the speed of its product cycle in combination with decentralized decision making. Zara also employed a different marketing strategy that focused on its stores and the shopping experience rather than advertising like its main competitors. From the case we see that the firm’s IT infrastructure as is was able to make its operations the most effective in the industry. Also, given that it was largely developed in-house Zara’s IT infrastructure was largely proprietary and well-customized to meet its strategic goals. Furthermore, it was easy to install, use and stable. With all these advantages we see why the Head of IT had to take time to deeply consider the company’s next move with regards to IT infrastructure. To give us a balanced picture similar to that which Salgado had, the case also highlights the shortcomings of the current system. Analysis of the company’s goals/strategy Corporate strategy is about what a company wants and how the company should go about to satisfy this want. To achieve its main goal the company employs a grand strategy. Grand Strategies fall into three general categories which reflect what a company’s overall goal would be: growth, stability or retrenchment (Daft, 2000). From the context of the case we are informed that Inditex executives felt that ample room for growth existed within its current markets (Mcafee, Dessain, & Sjoman, 2007, p. 5). This could be construed to imply that Zara’s overall goal was that of growth. The grand strategy is like a framework of the whole business strategy. To achieve its goal Zara would have to focus its attention on business-level strategy. According to Porter (1998) business-level strategy includes numerous strategies, that can be classified into two, either competitive strategy or cooperative strategy. The objective of either strategy is to help the company to achieve competitive advantage against its rival. The difference between these two strategies is in the form of the action taken. There are three ways through which an organization can achieve competitive advantage namely: management, marketing and supply. Zara thrives on speed. It has to respond very quickly to the demands of its target customers who are young, fashion-conscious city dwellers (Mcafee et al., 2007). For Zara to be able to deliver styles while they are still hot, the organization realized that it had to take advantage of the intelligence and judgment of its employees throughout the company. For this reason store managers at Zara were given much more responsibility than those at rival clothing chains. Also Zara employed commercials who worked with designers and store managers to

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Great Communicators in History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Great Communicators in History - Essay Example He served eight years in Illinois legislature and also served as a captain in the Black Hawk War. Lincoln began his political career at the age of 23 as a member of Whig Party but his beginning campaign for the Illinois General Assembly was unsuccessful and he left politics for the time being. He resumed his political career after the passage of the Kansas – Nebraska Act in 1854 which repealed the limit on slavery and recognized the right of people to decide whether to allow slavery in their area or not. From his stand strongly opposite slavery he rejoined politics but his first bid for US senate was unsuccessful. He received some support for the Republican vice-presidential nomination in 1856 and started his move against slavery as public speaker and prominent debater. The nation began to listen to his views from famous speeches like Lost Speech, House Divided Speech, etc. one after another. He received national recognition as a public speaker with his successful speech in th e Cooper Institute, New York in 1860 (â€Å"An overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , n.d.). He won the Presidential election in 1860 to become the 16th President of the nation. As the President he faced immense crisis in saving the union from falling apart. He decision continued Civil Wars for four years and Emancipation Proclamation was declared in 1863 declaring the freedom of the slaves. His famous Gettysburg Speech is still remembered as his gratitude to the dead soldiers in the War and as his effort to inspire the nation to follow the path of anti-slavery and unity, the cause for which the soldiers sacrificed their lives. He was re-elected as President in 1864 and initiated the peace activities. He took a more flexible and generous approach to ensure the unity of the nation and encourage the rebels of the south to join the peace mission. He clearly communicated this approach of him in his second inaugural speech. But somehow he was misunderstood as a supporter

Saturday, July 27, 2019

How to grade a research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to grade a research paper - Essay Example Moreover, formatting and citations form another key aspect of consideration while grading a written paper. In all the above, grading would be dependent on the extent of understanding and how expectations are met. Marks would be awarded as regards to the following analysis; does the written work meet expectations, fail to meet expectations or does it exceed the expectations. Logic would have low grades awarded if the paper fails to meet the expectations. Average awarding would be for the paper that meets expectations while higher grades would go for the papers that are extemporary and exceeds expectations. The capacity to logically organize ideas in paragraphs that are coherent and easy to understand is a basic evaluation aspect. Language competence is tested by evaluating word choice, word formation and sentence structure and the adequacy to convey basic meaning. Spelling and proper command of syntax is equally important as bad spelling would distort the intended meanings. Written work should also employ the proper style of writing as regard the discipline’s expectation. Qualitative analysis and general formatting play vital role in the overall understanding of a written research paper and thus must be regarded highly. Moreover, the introduction and conclusion work as executive summary of expectation or findings respectively and as such are key components of a properly done research paper. Finally, all works of literature sighted must be properly referenced in order to give certainty to originality of a written work. In my case as a professor, grading is not just awarding grades to the written work of students. It’s true that students interpret awarded marks in various manners. It becomes emotional to some and the interpretation may work to boost or lower the self worth of an individual student. Nevertheless, the variety of considerations

Friday, July 26, 2019

Discussion in recession Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Discussion in recession - Coursework Example This is what recession basically is but it is a kind of chain reaction which affects everybody involved directly or indirectly. However, recession is the decreasing of currency in terms of value and buying power. Now let us see how recession can damage big and small businesses (Argument). When recession strikes, the owner of the business or the employer tends not to hire new employees to cut down the cost and increase the chances of keep earning some profit. In some cases the employers may stop hiring the employees at all (Kornai, 1994). The manufacturer will not try to do any improvements regarding buying new equipment and launching new products. By not taking these steps which shows downward progress of the company and the share price of that company in the stock market also falls (Evidence). When a large business is forced to reduce its cost on things like promoting new products, launching marketing campaigns and it directly reduces the business opportunities of the small business es like advertisers, marketing firms and owners of the printing presses. Hence, one decision of a businessman to keep running his business swallows the revenue generation chances of the smaller businesses. This is where recession becomes really devastating and catastrophic for both small and large businesses.. In this article, I believe that it has been seen that the recession is no good thing for business world and also for the employees and general public as their lifestyle is forced to change accordingly. Nonetheless, it supports and proves the point of view of those people and economists who believe that recession is harmful for the businesses. But some people are of the opinion that recession is not that harmful to the world. What makes them think like that is to be found in the next article which is written by Laurie Bassi and her coauthor. They on the contrary has presented a very opposite picture of recession.

Establish relationships with customers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Establish relationships with customers - Essay Example Accordingly, a "satisfied customer" is not enough to create customer loyalty because customer loyalty is established not only through meeting basic needs, but in delighting the customers so that they will continue to patronize and repeatedly purchase the products or services of organizations. Further, all organizations aim to satisfy their customers but only a few establish customer loyalty due to the added value provided. Products that generate a lot of customer loyalty are Coke, Johnson and Johnson, Procter and Gamble, Nestle, Colgate-Palmolive, to name a few. These products exemplify giving their customers more value for the products patronized in terms of extending care, addressing inquiries immediately, ensuring high quality of products for the price paid, and making them instrumental part of the customers’ daily lives. Microsoft could be deemed as an organization that earned customer loyalty due to the exemplary quality of products offered to the consumers. A lot of its products have been replicated by other computer organizations but their mission and genuine commitment to help people and business organizations through sharing the products that they offer are commendable and consistent with the ideals for social responsibility; as well as conformity to ethical and moral

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Pro-forma A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Pro-forma A - Essay Example It has also followed conventions of point of purchase promotion used by its predecessors. Internet presence is relatively low-key, though consumer response to the brand on the medium has been unusually heavy. - Key message of promotion: The brand promises to transport women to a fantasy world of elegance and high technology. It takes the position of a fragrance for the modern woman (Thunder Perfect Mind, 2006). The brand promise goes well beyond the physical attributes of the product, and focuses on intangible benefits. It connotes an exaggerated sense of power for liberated women, and takes a seemingly liberal view on aspects of personal preferences. One of the distinguishing features of advertising for the perfume, unlike for other Prada product lines, is that there is no attempt to show women in a seductive light for the apparent pleasure of men. This is a significant departure for Prada, encouraging women to spend money on the perfume for their own pleasure, rather than to attract attention from the opposite sex. Prada Perfume promotion makes no effort to suggest that it is something for men to buy as a gift for women. The entire promotion seems designed to bring in a completely new demographic segment in to Prada's basket of existing customers. - Media chosen: Prada has chosen film, print media and point of purchase promotion, with a modicum of web presence as well. Store displays and sampling is aggressive at premium outlets, following conventions for this product category. - Assumed customer segment: Prada seems to have chosen young working women (The Prada Perfume Ad, 2006). Advertisements show women in a most glamorous but independent light, which shows synergy with the unusual pack design and product color as well. The style of advertising and the language and tone used in the cited advertisement and the company website, all show a focus for the mainstream white Caucasian market. The brand, as with other perfumes, is priced for women with considerable disposable income, as the unit purchase price is well over $50. - Assumed required Marketing outcome: It is normal for perfumes to offer values far beyond their physical attributes, and Prada has copied this approach. The brand has a futuristic appeal for the modern woman (Prada Company Website, 2006). Prada has traditionally catered to an older segment of women than it appears to have selected for the perfume. Perfume itself is a new line for this fashion company with 19th century roots. The Marketing outcome seems to be for Prada to leverage its goodwill for new market segment entry. (Prada, 2006) Proforma B Required Marketing Outcome: To enable Prada to cater to a younger demographic group than its traditional base, with an entry in to a new product line, related to traditional textile and leather lines of fashion products. Secondly, the brand should make best use of the existing goodwill for the Prada name. The promotion efforts should result in a significant market presence for the Prada brand in the perfume segment. There is no access to actual sales and contribution targets set by Prada for the perfume, but it is safe to assume that the company would affect

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

DEATH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DEATH - Essay Example He does this as a gesture of remembrance, to hopefully keep his brother from focusing on the negative aspects of him being away, and instead remember the fond times the two of them had shared in the car. When Henry finally leaves, the car seems to be the only comforting semblance for Lyman, of the times they had spent together. The images of a healthy, happy Henry are embodied in the spirit of the red convertible, and these special memories are what keep Lyman from digressing into sorrow. Some of the relaxing and content thoughts Lyman conjures up are ones where they had no specification of destination, during the summer when there were traveling in the car. â€Å"We took off driving all one summer,† and the story goes on to show how happy and at peace they both were, finding spots in areas where they felt â€Å"so comfortable†, Henry is depicted as feeling at ease enough to fall, â€Å"asleep with his arms thrown wide† (Erdrich 2002). Lyman continues to grasp onto these visual memories he brings up, in anticipation of those same feelings for when his brother will finally return. The car itself is what symbolizes the bond between the two of them, even with a gre at distance of separation dividing them. Finally, Henry returns home in the story but it’s obvious he has changed; things are just not the same. â€Å"Henry because quiet and restless† (814). Often he secluded himself and although he was there, his mind seemed to be somewhere else. It appeared war and the white mans culture had taken its toll on him and all that was there for him was ugliness. This is evident in the story when, one night they all gather around the dinner table and beforehand, Henry has bit down into his lip so hard from frustration that he sits with blood dribbling down his chin, theorizing how badly he wanted to be done with American ways, in his mind and in his life (817). This is representative

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Direct Service Staff Turnover in Supported Living Arrangements Essay

Direct Service Staff Turnover in Supported Living Arrangements - Essay Example There were not any of the agencies that collected data on the number of workers that served Montana's disability population. However, employees are derived from workers performing various occupations: social and human service assistants, home health aides, nursing aides, orderlies and attendants, physical therapy aides, and home care aides. The turnover rate is also contributed to the following: voluntary quits, terminations, promotions, uncontrollable events, and layoffs. Several other factors contributed to the high turnover as well: lack of management and/or coworker support, inadequate wages and/or benefits, inadequate training for handling challenging situations, poor working conditions (stress, ambiguous roles, inadequate consumer care), lack of career advancement opportunities, and other factors (risk of injury, fear of liability lawsuits, etc.). Hatton, C., Emerson, E., Rivers, M., et al. (2001). Factors associated with intended staff turnover and job search behavior in services for people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45, 258-270. Zeynep Ton and Robert S. Huckman examined the employee turnover rate and its association with operating performance. Most retailers do operate with high levels of employee turnover. Thus, the focus of the research study is a major retail chain. Ton and Huckman surveyed several factors within the retai... Larson, S. A. & Lakin, K. C. (1999). Longitudinal study of recruitment and retention in small community homes supporting persons with developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation, 40, 267-280. "Managing the Impact of Employee Turnover on Performance: The Role of Process Conformance" Zeynep Ton and Robert S. Huckman examined the employee turnover rate and its association with operating performance. Most retailers do operate with high levels of employee turnover. Thus, the focus of the research study is a major retail chain. Ton and Huckman surveyed several factors within the retail chain. Does the high employee turnover rate affect the overall job performance Is employee turnover voluntary Is it caused by decreased job performance The study found that the high employee turnover rate did not ultimately affect the overall job performance. Actually, the increased motivation and ideas that new employees bring to the chain are good. On the other hand, employee turnover is, often times, voluntary and contributes to the decreased job performance of a chain. However, employee turnover does not affect chains in which employees are conforming to the rules of the chain as much as chains in which employees are not conforming. The performance of the chain is affected more negative in chains where employees are not conforming to the rules of the chain. The overall result of the survey was that the high turnover rate is associated with the decreased job performance at a chain. Managers of the chains that have the high turnover rate of employees could decrease the turnover by imposing the rules of the chain in a more disciplinary way. Robert S. Huckman, Harvard University and NBER, and Zeynep Ton, Harvard University, March

Monday, July 22, 2019

English as the Official Language Essay Example for Free

English as the Official Language Essay For so many years in the world, it is undeniable that the English language has been used as a medium of communication. Many countries are using the English language for its people to understand each other. Today, the American English is peculiarly influential, due to the fact that the United States has become the center of excellence in terms of popular music, television programs, business and technology, film making and many others (â€Å"History of the English Language†). Although there are myriad kinds of English language spoken around the world like Australian English, Indian English and Canadian English, the dominance of the English language is the primary reason that its utilization as an official language in the United States of America should be pushed through. Therefore, it is claimed in this paper that it is proper and tenable for the American English to be considered and approved by the government as the official language of the United States of America. There are three major reasons why it is proper for the American English to be approved as the official language of the United States of America. First, American English is widely used in many countries in the world that makes the United States of America as a melting pot of many races. Second, the American English is the best communicative tool for the understanding of individuals in terms of political, economic, spiritual, physical and educational development. Third, it has been proven for so many years that the use of America English has caused improvement of the country in general. With that, it cannot be denied that the most influential and dominant language in the world is American English. The Dominance of the American English Language American English is widely used in many countries in the world that makes the United States of America as a melting pot of many races. There are many people around the world who have chosen to migrate in the United States of America. The reasons of their migration are to find a greener pasture or to enjoy the freedom and affluence that they can get in the country by chance or opportunity. The country is known for its democratic and representative governance, such that many races are confident enough that America can make their dreams come true. In connection with that, speaking the American English language is an indispensable tool to become a successful immigrant in the country. Therefore, majority of immigrants are also speaking the same language as used by the Americans, making the language the most widely used communicative tool in the land. A study was conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau and released findings that literacy and fluency in English is necessary to achieve economic self-sufficiency (Burt 1). Immigrants who can speak well in American English language are most likely profitable in their jobs and business while staying in the United States. Since almost 22% who held jobs in the United States are foreign-born, their ability to speak English has a great impact on the economic improvement of the country (Burt 1). That is the main reason why immigrants wanted to learn English as a second language, which adds to the dominance of the same language in the United States of America. Is it not a sign of additional resources for the economic and political progress of the country? Yes, it is. The numerous foreign-born workers in the country contribute to the economic development in one way or another. The native-born workers and businessmen can communicate well with immigrants adding more chances for economic improvements.  Ã‚     Hence, making the American English Language as official in the United States is proper. American English Language: The Best Communicative Tool The American English is the best communicative tool for the understanding of individuals in terms of political, economic, cultural, spiritual, physical and educational development. It has been said that a language is a systematic medium of communication through the use of sounds or conventional symbols (Manivannan 1). For so many years, the American English has been considered as one of the principal assets of the country for political, economic, cultural, spiritual, physical and educational development. There are myriad reasons why American English language is the best communicative tool in the whole world. In order to conduct political activities such as elections, foreign affairs, decision-making and policy-making, the use of the American English language is necessary. Journals and books on business matters and other economic conditions are generally printed in American English language, which makes all the people to learn the language. Tourists are enthusiastic to learn the same language because it could help them in enjoying the wonderful sites of the country. The enjoyment of American literature depicted in films and television programs reached across many nations which is the means for other races to learn the richness of the American culture. The American invasion is still effective by the dominance of our language which makes our products and services appealing to the whole world. Aside from that, there are many students in other countries who wanted to study in the United States of America. Their contribution in the academe is very important as well as their willingness to learn the language. Hence, all the people who live in America become united due to the influence and dominance of the American English language. Do we need to prevent the approval in making the American English language the official one, knowing that it is useful to us? No, we cannot afford to do so. Therefore, the arguments to support the approval of making the American English language as official are meritorious. The Advantages of the American English Language It is not denied that the American language is a principal asset for political and economic development of the country. The English language is also used as a preferred language for the conveyance of international business and scientific studies (Lian 1). In addition, it is easy to sell American products for American English language is widely used in advertisements and promotions worldwide. A foreign-born individual mentioned that, being fluent in American English is a ladder to successful business and other carrier endeavors (â€Å"The Importance of English in Modern World†). We were able to attract many intelligent individuals through the English language and everything we have is a standard for other countries. In all aspects in life, the said language is useful and also pervasive that it reaches in all parts of the world. Conclusion We are all fortunate to have a language that makes our country a center of commerce, excellence in education and culture and influential in politics. Our country is a strategic place because the American English is widely used in many countries in the world that makes the United States of America as a melting pot of many races. Since the American English is the best communicative tool for the understanding of individuals in terms of political, economic, spiritual, physical and educational development, we are confident that we remain in power all over the world. Finally, the use of America English has caused improvement of our country in general. As conclusion, there is still no doubt that making the English American language as official in the United States of America is proper and meritorious.   Works Cited Burt, Miriam. â€Å"Issues in Improving Immigrant Worker’s English Language Skills†. December 2003. 2 February 2009 http://www.cal.org/Caela/esl_ resources/digests/Workplaceissues.html â€Å"History of the English Language†. 2009. English Club. 2 February 2009 http://www. englishclub.com/english-language-history.htm . Lian Li, Khaw. 2008. Khawlilian. 2 February 2009 http://www.khawlilian.com/. Manivannan, G. 2006. Using English Website. 2 February 2009 http://www. usingenglish.com/teachers/articles/importance-english-language.html. â€Å"The Importance of English in Modern World†. 17 November 2007. MSN Content Website. 2 February 2009 http://content.msn.co.in/MSNContribute/Story.aspx? PageID=396ac8e2-aa06-47b2-8176-32ef043284f1.

Examining The Sonata Form Music Essay

Examining The Sonata Form Music Essay According to Green, D. M. (1979), the term sonata has usually been reserved for works which are performed by one or two players. Sonatas which have more performers are usually called trios for three players, quintets for four players, and orchestra symphonies for many performers. The history of the term sonata is not related to the history of genre itself during the sixteenth century and before because sonata means a piece to be played on instruments and could denote to any type of instrumental compositions. But in genre, sonata is a piece consisting of several sections for one or more instruments. The author also said that in the seventeenth century, the sonatas history was very complicated. During that time, two main classes of sonata emerged. It was usually written for two instruments such as violin with basso continuo, along with harpsichord and other instruments that can produce harmonies. The three movement and four movement types of sonata became standards in the first half of the eighteenth century after it emerged. The three movements usually consist of fast slow fast sections and it has been very common since the beginning of the eighteenth century. The four movements on the other hand, had two fast movements surrounding two middle movements. One of the middle movements is slow, the other will be a minuet. Then the last movement which is fast is usually the scherzo such as Beethovens Piano Sonata Op.2 No.1) Sonata form is a standard form and the most important type of large scale in the eighteenth century for instrumental music. According to Caplin, W.E. (1998), many historians and theorists consider it to be the periods most highly developed and complex compositional design, the one in which composers reveal their greatest technical skill and expressive potential. He also said that the sonata form continued to influence compositional practice in later musical periods and styles until the middle of the twentieth century. The Sonata form consists of three large scale functions which are the exposition, development and recapitulation. Sometimes there are two functions which is the exposition may be preceded by an introduction in a slow tempo and the recapitulation is followed by a coda. The Sonata Allegro, is also known as the first movement form. According to Rosen, C. (1988), this may be one of the most complex and tightly organized series of forms because of the tendency of the late eighteenth century to put a tremendous weight in the opening movement. In the first movement form, there are two sections. The opening bars give a strict tempo, a tonic, characteristic thematic material and texture to create frames. The first part of a sonata form is called the exposition then it goes to development which indicated that the section is often devoted to the motivic development based on the themes heard in the exposition. Lastly is the term recapitulation which indicates the return of a number of themes rather than a single one. According to Rosen, C. (1988), the exposition of a sonata form is a thematic material that articulates a movement from tonic to dominant in various ways so that it takes on the character of the piece that it is composed upon. This character can be defined as a large scale dissonance which the material is played outside of the tonic key. The sonata style did not create this dissonant concept but it is the first style to make it the useful force of an entire movement. This style can be achieved by a variety of procedures. The first procedure is to have a half cadence on the dominant of the dominant with a clear break of texture which is usually seen as V of V on V. It is usually reinforce before going to the tonicization of V. A half cadence on V is followed by a new theme on the dominant which is always seen on any sonata in Mozart and Haydn. The second procedure is a very common procedure and has always remained useful from the eighteenth century until the late of nineteenth century which is the sudden move to the dominant of the relative minor. It usually goes like V of vi to vi, V of V to V, V of V of V of V of V and V. The third procedure it about going to the dominant and remain there which is V of V and to V of V again. This make the music sounds like it has no meaning to want to move on. The fourth procedure is about the changes of texture and rhythm. It will change at the point of departure from the tonic, at the arrival of the dominant and at the confirmed cadence. There are two significant breaks in the harmonic rhythm and there is always a pause so to mark the two events of the exposition. It always begins at the beginning of the second group and at the end of the entire section. The first section is in an animated texture and it will modulate itself. The second section which is the dominant section will also have an animated rhythm toward the end and will have a harmonic rhythm that is against the animation by starting in at a faster rhythm and ending with a stable rhythm. The fifth procedure is that it may be useful to summarize the articulation by theme briefly and a new theme has sometimes a different character which may arrive when the modulation to the dominant key is completed. In order to articulate the movement to the dominant, the first theme might be played in a new key or a part of the theme is played more complex, moving and unstable. This method is usually used by Haydn and it requires longer and more varied modulatory sections between the opening and the dominant section. The eighth procedure is that modulation in an exposition need preparation and this is where we can see the one of the revolutionary side of the sonata style. The dominant is treated as a dissonant tonality in the exposition. The ninth procedure is about the interchange between the harmony and rhythm. It may show us something from some classical expositions such as a move away from the tonic and can be imperative if the initial cadence on the tonic has been final. Rosen, C. (1988) said that the term development consists of two meanings and is also partly overlapped. The first is that it indicates both central section of a sonata. The second is a series of techniques of thematic transformation. The function of development is distributed over both the exposition and recapitulation part and also sometimes in the coda part too. The techniques of the thematic transformation are fragmentation, deformation, used of themes in an imitative contrapuntal texture, transposition and arrangement in a rapidly modulating sequence. There are three main places in a sonata movement where the development is most likely to occur which is the modulation to V in the exposition, second phrase of the recapitulation which often goes to the secondary development section, the development section proper and sometimes found in the coda section. The central section of a sonata form has two different functions which are development and transition. The development usually cre ates polarization and then delays the resolution but the transition prepares the resolution. Rosen, C. (1988) also said that the recapitulation can be said as the most fundamental and radical innovation of the sonata style. This concept is usually found in the Baroque binary forms but for sonata it does not occurs because the sonata does not like binary forms. It sometimes repeats all or parts of the exposition which are transposed into tonic. In the sonata, there is a reinterpretation of the pattern of the exposition and a transformation of articulated movement away from stability into an affirmation of a stable area. This section always exhibits a great variety of forms as the exposition and the development. The form of recapitulation is always determined by the development section as by the exposition on which everything begins from there which is their base. The more dramatic tension is build up by the development section, the more elaborate the measures are taken in the recapitulation section to ease and solve the dramatic tension. The recapitulation can continue the th ematic development while it is resolving the harmonic tension. 2.2 Introduction of the First Movement The first movement, Grave then allegro con brio begins in C minor. The time signature is in 4/4 time. This movement reveals his characteristics such as manly, earnest, painful and passionate. According to Elterlein, E. V. (1920), at the beginning of the first movement, it seemed restraint but sometimes fire breaks out here and there. After that the fire will immediately ease out. But just as the allegro con brio comes in, the fire breaks out again and this time it explodes and became even stronger in E flat minor. Then in D flat major, a soft, soothing voice pleading the storm to retrain itself. After a moments pause which the passage is marked grave; the storm begins to break out and with increased intensity in E minor. Then it became calmer after it modulates to F minor and C minor. A third grave appears and then a last short outburst, followed by a great calmness. The grave which is repeated three times in the first movement is special and it is not written repeatedly by the composer for no reason because the composer might have his own reasons for repeating them and is also to remind us of the introduction to the work. This movement gives the impression that the composer has very strong determination. 2.3 An analysis of the First Movement The passage which is marked grave starts in bar 1 to 10. Then it repeats again in bars 133 until 136. It repeats the third and final time in bars 295 until 298. The difference of the passage is that it starts at a different key but it still plays the same rhythmic pattern. The beginning of the piece is the exposition from bars 1 until 26 because in bar 27 the key of c minor has modulated to the dominant key which is G major. The development starts to build up after modulating from c minor to G major. In the development section, there are modulations which are from G major to Eb minor and then it goes back to G major from bars 27 till 130, including first and second house. After that the piece goes back to the grave passage in the key of G major and then modulates to E major in bar 137. Later it modulates to D major in bar 142 then to G minor in bar 147. It returns back to G major in bars 167 till 186. Before going to recapitulation part, the piece returns to C minor in bars 195 till 220. The recapitulation part is from bars 221 until the end. It is in the key of f minor from bars 221 until 252 before modulating to c minor from bars 253 till 268. Then it modulates back to f minor from bars 254 till 298. The grave passage appears again for the third and last time from bars 295 till 298. The theme in c minor after the grave passage is repeated for the final time as the first movements ending from bars 299 until 309. The piece started in grave tempo in bar 1, it started in fortepiano (fp) which means it is played loud, then immediately soft and it lasted for 3 bars. The sforzando (sf) which means it is played with accent on the first beat of bar 4 then gradually moved to piano (p) which means soft on the second beat in bar 4. There is a crescendo (cresc.) to make it gradually go back to sforzando. In bar 5, it is played in piano (p) then suddenly in fortissimo (ff) which means very loud. In bar 6, it returned back to piano (p) and is played softly until bar 8 where a crescendo emerges. Then a sforzando and immediate piano (p) is played until the ending of the grave theme in bar 10. Then it goes into the Allegro di molto e con brio tempo meaning it is played in the quick and very animated tempo. In bar 11, the dynamic is in piano (p) then there is a crescendo starting from bars 15 18 and went back to playing softly in bars 19 22. The crescendo emerges again in bars 23 26 and went back soft in b ar 27 but the melody on the right hand are reinforced especially on the octaves which are played in bar 27, 28, 31 and 32. The crescendo emerges again in bar 35. In bars 38, 42, 45 48, some of the notes are being accented and goes back to playing softly in bars 49 84. There is a decrescendo in bar 85 because it gets gradually softer to prepare the bar which needs to be played in pianissimo (pp) in bar 88 only and then it returns back to piano on the following bar which is bar 89. There is a crescendo from bars 93 98 so that it is played gradually getting louder towards forte (f) which means loud from bars 99 100. Then immediately became soft again from bars 101 104 and the crescendo emerges again to go to forte in bars 111 112 and again it immediately became soft again in bars 113 116. The crescendo emerges again and gradually gets louder to forte in bars 121 131. Finally, it ended with fortissimo in bar 132 before beginning on the second grave theme. The second grave theme began in fortepiano (fp) and ended it pianissimo in bar 136. Allegro molto e con brio tempo is played again for the second time. It begins softly then crescendo in bar 137 and it gradually goes loud in bar 139 then goes back soft in bar 140. The crescendo is again appearing in bar 143 and gradually becomes louder again in bar 145 then goes back soft in bar 146. Starting from bar 163, it is played softly until bar 167 which it is being played even more softly because it is written pianissimo (pp). It was played in pianissimo until bar 186 which sometimes in between those bars there are crescendos and sforzandos which are written on the score. In bar 187, the fortepiano (fp) returns for a while and gradually becomes softer to piano. Starting from bars 195 284, it is played softly but in between there are a few crescendos and sforzandos. There is also forte in bars 263 264. Forte (f) is played from bars 285 onwards until it reach fortissimo (ff) in bars 293 294 . The final grave theme comes in and it is played softly instead of fortepiano (fp). It gradually became louder then gradually became softer to pianissimo (pp). The first movement ended with fortissimo (ff) which it ended with a very loud ending. The pedal points which are found in the score are mostly consists of the tonic pedal and the dominant pedal. The tonic pedal in c minor is played from bar 11 until bar 15, bar 195 until 199, bar 203 until 207, bar 253 until 254, bar 265 until 266, bar 281, bar 285 until 289 and also from bar 299 until 303. The dominant of c minor are from bar 17 until 18, bar 25 until 27, bar 280, bar 284 and in bar 292. The dominant pedal of e flat minor is from bar 35 until 62, bar 76 until 78, bar 84 and bar 87 until 88. The dominant pedal of A flat major is from bar 89 until 90, bar 101 until 102, bar 117 and bar 121 until 125. The tonic pedals are bar 115, bar 119 and bar 129. The dominant pedal of D major is from bar 141 until 142 and the tonic pedal is from bar 143 until 145. The dominant pedal of f minor is from bar 221 until 230 and bar 245. In bar 246, there is only the tonic pedal. There are suspensions in the first movement. From bars 25 until 26, there is a 4 3 suspension in G major. From bars 46 until 47 and bars 48 until 49, there is a 4 3 suspension in those bars in e flat minor. There is a 7 6 suspension in E major in bar 141. There is a 6 5 suspension from bars 173 until 174, bars 181 until 182, bars 183 until 184 and bars 185 until 186 in G major. There is a 4 3 and 6 5 suspension in bars 201 until 202 in c minor. 2.3.1 This is a table of the analysis of the first movement. The Graves theme that appear in the first movement of the piano sonata. The modulations which are found in the first movement of this piano sonata. Bars 1 10 Begins in the key of c minor. Bars 11 26 The key still remains in c minor. Bars 27 50 The key is modulated to G major in bar 27 and remains in that key until bar 50. Bars 51 92 The key is modulated to e flat minor in bar 51 and remains in that key until bar 92. Bars 93 132 The key is modulated to A flat major in bar 93 and remains in that key until bar 132. Bars 133 136 The key is modulated to G major in bar 133 and remains in G major for 4 bars. Bars 137 141 The key is modulated to E major in bar 137 and remain in E major for a short while. Bars 142 146 The key is modulated to D major in bar 142 and remain in D major for a few bars. Bars 147 166 The key is modulated to g minor in bar 147 and lasted in the same key until bar 166. Bars 167 194 The key is modulated in G major in bar 167 and remain in the same key until bar 194. Bars 195 220 The key is modulated back to c minor in bar 195 and remain at the same key for 5 bars. Bars 221 258 The key is modulated to f minor in bar 221 and it remains in the same key until bar 258. Bars 259 268 The key is again modulated back to c minor in bar 259 and remain in c minor until bar 268. Bars 269 284 The key is modulated to f minor in bar 269 and remain in f minor until bar 284. Bars 285 310(ending of first movement). It goes back to c minor in bar 285 and ends perfectly in the tonic chord in bar 309. Bar 310 are a long pause and a semibreve. The dynamic markings which are written on the first movement of this piano sonata by the composer. Bar 1 3 Fortepiano(fp) is on the first beat of every bar. Bar 3 A sudden sforzando (sf) on the third beat of the bar. Bar 4 On the first beat issfthen gradually getting softer to piano(p) on the second beat of the bar. There is a crescendo(cresc.) then a sfon the last beat of the bar. Bar 5 6 On the first beat is pand the third beat is played in fortissimo(ff). Bar 7 This bar is played in p. Bar 8 A crescendois written in this bar to prepare for the sf in the next bar. Bar 9 Sf is played on the first beat and is immediately soft to p. Bar 10 It is played in p. On the last beat and a half, it is played in sf with a pause sign. Bars 11 14 Is played in p. Bars 15 18 A crescendois written and so it is played gradually getting louder. Bars 19 22 It is played in p. Bars 23 26 A crescendois played. Bar 27 It is played in p. On the third beat of the bar, there is rforzando(rf). Bar 28 There is rfon the third beat of the bar. Bars 31 32 There is sfon both bars on the third beat. Bars 33 34 They are played in p. Bars 35 37 A crescendois played. Bar 38 42 There is sfon the first beat of both bars. Bars 39 41 Bars 43 44 They are played in p. Bars 45 48 The sfdynamic are played on the third beat in every bar. Bars 49 87 They are played in p. Bars 53 54, bars 61 62 bars 69 70 The sfis played on the first beat of every bar which is mentioned while still maintaining pfrom bars 49 87. Bar 79 There is rfon the second beat of the bar. Bars 85 87 There is a decrescendoto prepare for bar 88. Bar 88 It is played in pianissimo(pp). Bars 89 92 It is played in p. Bars 93 98 A crescendois played to build up the tension for the next bar. Bars 99 100 It is played in forte(f). Bars 101 104 It is played in p. Bars 105 110 A crescendois played to build up the tension for the next bar. Bars 111 112 It is played in f. Bars 113 116 It is played in p. Bars 117 120 A crescendois played to build up the tension for the next bar. Bars 121 131 It is played in f. Bar 132 This bar is played in fortissimo(ff). Bars 133 135 Fpis played on every bar but in bar 135 it is played in pon the third beat. Bar 136 There is a decrescendoon the first beat and ends with ppon the last beat of the bar. Bar 137 The first beat is played in pand then a crescendois started on the third beat of the bar. Bar 139 It is played in f. Bars 140 142 It is played in p. Bars 143 144 A crescendo is played. Bar 145 It is played in f. Bars 146 148 It is played in pimmediately in bar 146. Bars 149 162 A crescendois played. Bars 163 166 It is played in p. Bars 167 170 It is played in pp. Bars 171 174 A crescendois played. Bars 175 178 It is played in pp. Bars 179 186 A crescendois played. Bar 181, 183 185 The sfis on the third beat of these bars. Bar 187 The first beat is played fp. Bars 188 198 It is played in pbut on the second beat of bar 198 the sf is played. Bars 199 202 A crescendois played. Bars 203 206 It is played in p but in bar 205, there is sfon the third beat. Bars 207 218 Crescendosare played from bars 207 until 210. Pis played on the first beat of bar 211 and then on the third beat a crescendois played. The same goes in bar 215. Bars 219 250 Pis played but in bar 223, 224, 231, 232,239 and 240 have sfon the first beat. There is a decrescendoin bar 245 and it gradually gets softer until it reaches bar 250. Bars 251 252 It is played in pp. Bars 253 256 It is played in p. Bars 257 262 A crescendois played. Bars 263 264 It is played in f. Bars 265 268 It is played in p. Bars 269 274 A crescendois played. Bars 275 276 It is played in f. Bars 277 280 It is played in p. Bars 281 284 A crescendois played. Bars 285 292 It is played in f. Bars 293 294 It is played in ff. Bars 295 296 It is played in p. Bars 297 The crescendostarts on the second beat. On the third beat, there is sfand it gradually gets softer. Bars 298 Decrescendois played and the third beat is played in pp. Bars 299 302 It is played in p. Bars 303 304 A crescendois played. Bars 305 310(end of first movement) It is played in ff. The pedal points which are in the first movement. C minor Tonic pedal Bars 11 15, bars 19 23, bars 195 199, bars 203 207, bars 253 254, bars 265 266, bar 281, bars 285 289 and bars 299 303. Dominant pedal Bars 17 18, bars 25 27, bar 280, bar 284 and bar 292. E flat minor Dominant pedal Bars 35 62, bars 76 78, bar 84 and bars 87 88. A flat major Dominant pedal Bars 89 90, bars 101 102, bar 117 and bars 121 125. Tonic pedal Bar 115, bar 119 and bar 129. D major Dominant pedal Bars 141 142. Tonic pedal Bars 143 145. F minor Dominant pedal Bars 221 230 and bar 245. Tonic pedal Bar 246. Suspensions which are found in the first movement Key Suspension Bar C minor 4 3 Bars 26 27 E flat minor 4 3 Bars 46 47 E flat minor 4 3 Bars 48 49 E major 7 6 Bar 141 G major 6 5 Bars 173 174 G major 6 5 Bars 181 182 G major 6 5 Bars 183 184 G major 6 5 Bars 185 186 C minor 4 3 and 6 5 Bars 201 202 2.4 An Analysis of scores edition According to Badura-Skoda, E. (1994), sometimes a serious musician feels agitated about a previously trusted edition. For example, the musician is disturbed by an articulation mark or by a piano sign in a passage that he or she thinks should be played in loudly. After looking at other editions, the author discovered that printed editions of the same work often contradict each other. There are some editions which proudly labeled themselves as Ur-text but some might not be favoured by the musicians. The term Ur-text also means original or authenticity. The author said that a good Ur-text edition always states which markings are the composers and which are editorial additions by printing them in italic or parentheses and further explanations are written in footnotes. There should be a preface to inform the musician about the editors addition. The Beethovens piano sonata in c minor, op.13 Pathetique first movement piano score that will be used are the ABRSM version and the G. Henle Verlags Urtext version. They will be compared to which edition is the best to be used by everyone who is interested in playing this piece. G.Henle Verlags Urtext Version ABRSM Version This movement consists of 8 pages. For example, see Appendix I. This movement consists of 10 pages. For example, see Appendix II. The title is written in German. For example, view Example 1.0. The title is written in English. For example, view Example 1.1. The score also includes the year that it was composed. For example, see Example 1.0. The score in this version did not include the year that it was composed by the composer. For example, see Example 1.1. The score is not altered by the editor. For example, see Example 1.2. It is bar 1 of the first movement. The score is a bit altered by the editor. For example, see Example 1.3. It is bar 1 of the first movement. The arrangement of the melody and chords are the same as what the composer had written. For example, see Example 1.2. It is bar 1 of the first movement. The arrangement of the melody and chords are slightly altered especially in page 1 (Gravepart). For example, see Example 1.3. It is bar 1 of the first movement. There are no pedal markings. For example, see Example 1.4. There are pedal markings written on the score by the editor. For example, see Example 1.5. There are no staccatissimo in the score. For example see Example 1.6. There are staccatissimo in some bars. For example, see Example 1.7. The fingering markings are written as followed by the composer. For example, see Example 1.8. This is in bar 10. The fingering are slightly different than what was written by the composer because that is the editors fingering after deciding that the fingering the editor used is easier to be played than the composers given fingering. For example, see Example 1.9. This is in bar 10. Example 1.0 Example 1.1 Example 1.2 Example 1.3 Example 1.4 Example 1.5 Example 1.6 Example 1.7 Example 1.8 Example 1.9 After comparing and analyzing both versions, there are pros and cons in using either one of the versions of this first movement from this piano sonata. It seems that the ABRSM version is a better version to be used in the 21st century for any musicians who wished to play this piano sonata. The Urtext version of the piano sonata consists of eight pages of the first movement but the ABRSM version of the piano sonata has ten pages of the first movement. The ABRSM version has the piano sonata name written in English but for the Urtext version, it is written in german. The Urtext version and the ABRSM version also includes what the composer had been written on the score which is Beethoven dedicated this piano sonata to Prince Lichnowsky. Only the Urtext version included which year it was composed although they were all written in German. On the other hand, the ABRSM version of this piano sonata, this version did not include when the piano sonata was composed although it was written in Eng lish. The Urtext version of the first movement does not have pedal markings on the score but the ABRSM have meaning that the editor has added his own opinion on how the first movement should be played. The Urtext version of the first movement does not have pedal markings and is maybe because it follows what the composer had written. There is also a possibility that the editor wants the pianist to apply the pedal on the chord or bar which is suitable to the pianist own technique of playing the piano for that piano sonatas first movement. In the G.Henles Urtext version of the first movement of this piano sonata, the score is still the same as what the composer, Beethoven had written. The editor of this book did not want to change anything on what the composer had written because he wanted to preserve the originality of the score. But, in the ABRSM book, the editor had slightly altered the originality of the score because the editor tried to make it easier and understandable for the pianist w ho wants to play the composers pieces. For example, the arrangements in bar 1 of the first movement, in the Urtext version of this first movement, the c minor chords are all written in the bass line with only the middle c on the treble clef line but in the ABRSM version they appear different. The ABRSM version has both lines with chords. Another example is that the Urtext version does not have staccatissimo on their scores. They have only staccatos written on the scores but in ABRSM it is slightly different. Some of the notes in the ABRSM version are played in staccatissimo which is written by the editor of the ABRSM edition. The staccatissimo is written on the score by the editor and is most possibly the editors suggestion on whether to play it in staccatissimo rather than in staccato. On the other hand, the Urtext version is only written in staccato and it might be possible that the editor wants the pianist who is playing this piano sonatas first movement to play it with their own preferred technique, creativity or just want them to follow what was originally written on the score. The fingering on the first movement is slightly different after comparing both versions. The Urtext version follows according to what the composer had written but the ABRSM version of fingerings for this first movement is according to the editors fingering. It might be even easier for some pianist to follow his fingering. The finger markings which are on both versions can be used but it also depends on the pianist on which is most suitable for him or her to use while playing the first movement of the piano sonata. Some pianist will prefer the Urtext version because it is tidier, lesser pages and lesser markings. It might be possible that they prefer it too because it is almost like the original version of the piano sonata that was written by Beethoven and the pianist have more freedom in applying other playing techniques on the first movement while playing it without getting distracted by the markings on the score. But, some pianist would prefer the ABRSM version because it might be possible that they must follow what the

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Looking At The Communication Problems Of Databases Information Technology Essay

Looking At The Communication Problems Of Databases Information Technology Essay List the problems you experienced when you carried out a recent assignment. Try to put these problems into some order of magnitude. For each problem consider whether there was some way in which the problem could have been reduced by better organisation and planning by yourself. Client contacts always could not save on database. It cause serious error and network problems. Sometime client information cannot be updated. We need network administrators that can configuring and maintaining the server to make sure the process are always smooth. Too many man power jobs. Need to manually search information with paper by one by one. We need a database administrator to import all the information into the database. Therefore, staff can search information easily by just searching the keywords. Communication does not go well between the staff. Sometimes staff need to share something interesting or share their knowledge, they just cannot speak out with sudden. A communication application is needed. We need a website administrator. They need to ensuring web servers are always online and maintain the website. With the web servers, staff can simply login to the forum and share their thought. 2. Identify the main types of personnel employed in an ICT department. For each stage of a typical ICT development project, list the types of personnel who are likely to be involved. Project Manager They able communicate with other project members. They manage multiple information and technology projects. They can lead the team to planning and developing. They also need to keep documentation from the projects. Webmaster They need to ensure web servers are always online and maintaining the website. They can create website and responsible for the content, quality and style of the website. Database Administrator They responsible to implements and maintain the database server. They also need to improve the performance and capacity issues so that there is no duplicate record in the database. Always make sure the accuracy and security of data are maintained. Network and Security Administrator Their duties are prevent and monitor unauthorized access. Those misused, illegal action, modification through the network will get the deny request. They develop and maintain IT security solutions including firewalls and antivirus. IT Technician They install and able to maintain multi-platform network computer environments. They must have strong understand when face the problem and able to solve it. They also investigate, troubleshoot and resolve end-user problems. A public library is considering the implementation of a computer-based system to help administer book loans at libraries. Identify the stakeholders in such a project. What might be the objectives of such a project and how might the success of the project be measured in practical terms? There are few stakeholders who involved are project manager, programmers, database administrator, and librarian. The objective to implement this computer-based system is make the librarian can use the system easier, can search borrower information easier with a short time, and save paper work, all just key in to the computer and save it. By a practical test, programmers should probably do their best and there is error free from the system. While librarian using the system, if they feel comfortable and the system is user-friendly, then they will feel happy with it. That how is success of the project. 4. A software house has developed a customised order processing system for a client. You are an employee of the software house that has been asked to organize a training course for the end-users of the system. At present, a user handbook has been produced, but no specific training material. A plan is now needed for the project which will set up the delivery of the training courses. The project can be assumed to have been completed when the first training course starts. Among the things that will need to be considered are the following: Training materials will need to be designed and created; A timetable will need to be drafted and agreed; Date(s) for the course will need to be arranged; The people attending the course will need to be identified and notified; Rooms and computer facilities for the course will need to be provided for. Identify the main stakeholders for this project; Draw up a statement of the objectives for this project; For the objectives, identify the measures of effectiveness; For each objective, identify relevant sub-objectives or goals and who would be responsible for each of them Human Resource Manager, Project Manager, Software Developer and Instructor Instructor will teach the user how to use the system and understand how the system works. Instructor need to make sure every user know each of the steps of using the system. Software developer need to create a user-friendly system so that user would not feel complex or sophisticated when using the system. User would feel satisfied if they manage to fully understand the whole system. Users able to understand all the system will be achieved, if the following goals are achieved, Specific, all the training must be well-defined. Measurable, try to get customer satisfaction. Achievable, instructor able to give user to fully understand the system or system is user-friendly so that user would not feel frustrated when using the system. Relevant, the objective that be stated should relate to purpose of the project. Time constrained, instructor needed to set a timeline when should be start and when should be end. Therefore, there is no dragging or delay for the training course. 5. The idea behind a project is that students should be able to access details of available placements via an intranet. When there is a placement opportunity for which they wish to be considered, they would be able to apply for it electronically. This would cause a copy of their CV, which would also be held on-line to be sent to the potential employer. Details of interviews and placement offers would all be sent by e-mail. While some human intervention would be needed, the process would be automated as far as possible. You are required to produce a business case report for such an application, which justifies the potential development by showing that the values of its potential benefits outweigh its development and operational costs. Create lists of the main benefits and costs for the project. You do not have to specify actual figures, just the headings under which they would appear. Cost Salary of Manager : RM4000 Salary of Programmer : RM2500 Development cost : RM500-RM1000 Deployment cost : RM2500-RM3000 To build up a system and paying the wages for the employee, approximately total need RM10, 000 that needed to be invested. Benefit Quantifiable: With the development, deployment and operation cost, programmers able to create a good quantity system. Non-quantifiable: In order to let the student use the system, we must satisfy the student need. So, as a conclusion, although costing is more than benefit, but it is worth to do so, this is because we could create a good and useful system, make student work easier and satisfy student need. That is worth for it by everything.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Ethnography Essay -- Ethnography

Ethnography Introduction Beginning with the early stages of savagery to the complex civilizations in the 21st century, the need to compete remains an important aspect in the continual evolution of mankind. Competition took various forms throughout history from the bloody attempts to kill a mammoth in order to provide nourishment, to the violent battles between two opposing sides taking place on college football fields every Saturday afternoon. Another form of competition involving severe contact on a scale par with football is the sport of rugby. My personal history with the sport began in a medium sized island in Polynesia. I lived and worked in New Zealand during the summer of 1999, between my sophomore and junior year. This little country hosts a number of different leagues and excels on the world level. I watched numerous matches on the television and in the parks. The first time I watched the national team (the â€Å"All Blacks†) was in a friendly match against New Zealand’s biggest rival, Australia (the â€Å"Wallabies†). I returned to Occidental in late August with an All Blacks jersey and the idea of playing rugby once my soccer season ended. Unfortunately the gods thought it would be better that I hold off on rugby for a year, so they helped me land on my right foot in such a way that I fractured my ankle during one of my last soccer games. The next semester I studied in southern France, specifically a city called Toulouse. The â€Å"Stade Toulousain† is the best club team in France, and has won numerous European club championships. After watching rugby in New Zealand and France, I finally started to play rugby over the course of my senior year. When the opportunity to study a group for my ethnography in â€Å"Anthropology 370†... ...ile too much playfulness is a problem also. The oval ball pictured above exemplifies a sport with many opposing themes and contradictions. With a round ball like soccer, the ball bounces rather consistently. On the other hand, the oval-shaped rugby ball is constantly competing against opposing forces for the specific direction it will travel. Works Cited Appadurai, Arjun. â€Å"Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.† Global Culture: Nationalization, Globalization, and Modernity. Ed. Mike Featherstone. London: Sage, 1990. 295-319. Bourdieu, Pierre. â€Å"How Can One be a Sports Fan?† The Cultural Studies Reader. Routledge, London. Carruthers, Vanessa. In class discussions. Occidental College. 6 February 2001. â€Å"Rugby.† Encyclopedia Brittanica. Online. Internet. 9 April 2001. Available: http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=114957&sctn=1

Friday, July 19, 2019

Hindu women Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout history, there have been many different aspects that have been looked at in all culture ways . Many researcher’s have studied the history and the lifestyle of the different societies and particular cultural norms. This information is gathered from media, weather be it through internet, newspaper, television or simply history books as educational informers. Although these are the most common bases for societal general knowledge, in the inner truth occurs within the inner realms of particular societal. We as Americans sometimes fund the ways in which many of these cultures do things different, weird, or crazy. They are for us to look forage deeper into these different aspects but sometimes many of us choose to just believe the contrary, the truth that is tainted and not rooted within history. One of these mistakenly miscnceived cultures is the Hindu Culture. Americans may not see things in our cullture the way others do in their own private communities. In our societ y, women are beginning to get respect for the things they do and they are being looked at in the same way that men are, in various occupations. In the Hindu culture this is quiet the opposite, their society views women the same way a any other society would view those in the lower social aspects. This suppressing and inferorating view has had a large impact on their society, economically, as well as politically. The women in this culturl are looked upon as being something great, according to their cultural and religious believes. This aspect of Hindu society is the only that has had credit to the respect and value of women, where if compared to the status of women in other societies. Though the women are vied very highly by the gods, they are viewed from a society with a caste system. India like any other society is divided into different classes. The classes are division is marked by wealth and production industries. The adjoining part of the society is ruled by higher authority. Women are a large of this particular society. They are subjected to agricultural and exploitation by the men who rule them. The women in these particular communities have many duties that come with being a part of that society. â€Å" The chief duty of a women is to maintain her Pativrata Dharma. To a women there is no higher duty than service of her husband. She should worship him daily† (Shivanada, 1963). Women... ...ntirely socialized and restricted to their family-kin community. Tremendous effort has been to ignite, for they have come a long way from the beginning, hoping to see a fair end. As an American women in a westernized culture, one sometime takes the freedom given for granted, not realizing that there are women out there that have to fight for things that they want in life. True, we do choose to go out and get an education, but we should sometimes stop and think what things would be like if we were not able to even try to get an education. Education is given abundantly, there is equal opportunities in exchange for self enhancement, to think that all these rights can be taken away, not only paints a painful life but gives one a glimpse into the lives of the Hind women who had to endure such mistreatments. The Hindu women have lived under the incubation of powerful men, who have no regard to their equality nor their intelligence and capability. These women have not just fulfilled a dream but have economically, politically, and socially, broken the barrier as well as the stereotype that they may no amount to anything. They have taken that initiative, and made it i nto something great.

Club Owners Must Not Allow Underage Drinking Essay -- Argumentative Es

Prohibiting nightclubs from admitting people under age twenty-one will take some weight off of parents, club owners, drivers and innocent bystanders. With the economy sinking, many owners are making what they believe a wise financial decision by allowing eighteen to twenty year olds in their clubs. They are mixing eighteen to twenty in with the twenty-one and up crowd, as failing clubs owners only see more people more money. Every night thousands of young adults eighteen to twenty years old are let into nightclubs and everyone is at a great risk. Fewer and fewer clubs are now allowing those under the drinking age into their establishment. To eliminate a cause leading to more underage drinking, young adults eighteen to twenty should not be allowed into nightclubs serving alcohol. Throughout the course of this essay, I intend to prove that banning those under the legal drinking age from nightclubs serving alcohol not only benefits the community as a whole, but it helps each under age d rinker as well. It is often argued that young adults eighteen to twenty are financial savors to club owners. Patron’s eighteen to twenty are considered adults; therefore they are responsible enough to be allowed in clubs serving alcohol, bringing more money into the club every night. This argument does not address the fact that when people under the legal drinking age are in an environment where they have access to alcohol one of them will drink. They will become irresponsible due to the amount consumed. The club owners will then be fined, as well as their liquor license. Young adults, eighteen to twenty, are not nightclubs financial savors, under the influence they cost more money then made. Nightclubs are trying to keep their doors open and popula... ...ablishment. Owners will not have to worry about losing money, liquor license, or part of the twenty-one and up crowd. Allowing people under the drinking age limit into a club serving alcohol can result in death, rape, fights, and car accidents. Although, many club owners are worried about losing revenue they should consider the cost of just one teen caught drinking in their club. Denying entry to anyone under the age twenty one into a club not only benefit the twenty one and up crowd but also club owners, parents, and teens themselves. Works Cited "Alcohol and Development in Youth-A Multidisciplinary Overview." Alcohol Research and Health 28.3 (2005): 111-20. ProQuest. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. Wagenaar, Alexander C., et al. "Sources of alcohol for underage drinkers." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57.3 (1996): 325. Academic OneFile. Web. 10 Mar. 2011

Thursday, July 18, 2019

British Airways World Cargo

British Airways World Cargo is one of the leading cargo airlines in the world, carrying freight, mail and courier traffic to 200 destinations in more than 80 countries. The BA network and freighter programme make it one of the largest single carrier networks, with a reliable schedule, same day connections between most continents and destinations, and extensive road connections. They have developed a portfolio of products that meet their customer’s needs. Their experienced operational and commercial teams worldwide take pride in delivering high levels of performance and customer care.The business is administratively divided into geographical regions based in: North America; Central and Latin America (plus Spain); Western Europe; North and Eastern Europe (plus the Eastern Mediterranean); Africa, the Gulf States and India; and Asia Pacific. Autonomous, but not independent, business units reflect functional differences such as cargo, engineering and maintenance, and the recently f ormed UK regional airline, CitiExpress. The group corporate and operating headquarters are located at Heathrow Airport in the UK. Over 61,000 staff were employed by the group worldwide in 2001/2002, 81% of them based in the UK.In 2001 and 2002 the global airline industry experienced a sharp reversal of fortunes. This was caused by the severe wo0rld economic slowdown combined with the impact of terrorist attacks in the US on 11 September 2001. These factors were compounded by the subsequent uncertain geographical; environment and the rise of serious competition from the introduction of the ‘no frills’ airlines. In response BA Background 2 was forced to review the ‘future size and shape’ of all aspects of its business. The review was expected to reduce employment by 13,000 by September 2003.Current employment after the ongoing process of rationalization across Europe and the UK is around 45,000, with operations in Germany, Austria, France, Spain, Portugal, It aly, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Greece, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Ireland. Many of the ‘station’ in Europe, however, employ small numbers of people. Some, like Finland, have fewer than 10 people. The UK employment numbers and practices therefore tend to dominate practices and culture throughout the group. In the UK, industrial relations traditions and culture are rooted in a strong trade union presence in what was once a public sector organisation.Over 70% of UK employees are trade union members and more than 95% are covered by the terms of formal collection agreements. Amicus – AEEU, Amicus – MSF, BALPA (British airline pilots association), Cabin Crew ‘89, GMB and TGWU are the recognized trades unions. National bargaining is facilitated by a number of formal structures for negotiation and consultation, ranging from local sectional ‘panels’ to the British Airways Trade Union Council, recently renamed the ‘Nati onal negotiation forum’ (NNF), where trade union officers meet the Executive management every month.A history of largely conflictual relations continues to exert an influence on attitudes and opinions, en gendering suspicions of motives and resistance to change. Management Background 3 describes its overriding approach to IR as ‘tactical’, taking a ‘partnership’ approach ‘when it works’ and a ‘management’ of the trades unions while admitting varying degrees of representatives in France and employee representatives in Germany and most other countries. In Italy the group operates stations in Rome and Milan as wholly owned units of the core airline business with about 220 employees.Until recently CISL was the only trade union representing BA staff in Italy, but recently UGL, CGIL and UIL are also represented. The wider representation of unions has led to better information although consultation remains essentially ‘after- the-fact’, with trade union represent5ation sensitive to attempts to bypass any union involvement. Managerial Aspects The group corporate and operating headquarters are located at Heathrow Airport in the UK. Over 61,000 staff were employed by the group worldwide in 2001/2002, 81% of them based in the UK.Currently employment after the ongoing process of rationalization across Europe and the UK is around 45,000, with operations in Germany, Austria, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Greece, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Ireland. Many of the ‘station’ in Europe, however, employ small numbers of people. Managerial Aspects 4 Some, like Finland, have fewer than 10 people. The UK employment numbers and practices therefore tend to dominate practices and culture throughout the group. THE EWCBritish Airways world Cargo EWC was established within the definitions and under the scope of Article 13 of the EC Directive of 1994 – 95 after some conflict between management and the trade unions. Management initially resisted the inclusion of the UK. Negotiations took place principally between senior representatives of the UK trade unions and senior European and HR management, with some employee representatives from the major European countries. They concluded the agreement in September 1996. Legal advice sought by the company resulted in the EWC being concluded under Belgian law.However, the BA EWC remains highly ‘UK- centric’ with the largest number of representatives, and meetings held at corporate head office at Heathrow. To maintain a European balance UK employee representatives are ineligible for the position of employee chair or spokesperson. Only the deputy position may be held by a UK representative. The agreement was initially concluded for a fixed term of two years from 18 September 1996, to become a non-fixed term agreement automatically after the initial two-year period. Either side may terminate the agreement with six months’ notice.Under the agreement, BA group: Managerial Aspects 5 †¦. recognizes the value of information and the consultation of its employees in conducting the management of the company and also recognizes the need for employees to be informed and consulted on the activities of the group. The BA EWC will deal with issues related to the structures of the British airways group as a whole, its performance and any decision influencing more than one country. In its meetings, the BA EWC will focus principally on the performance of British Airways (and in particular on relevant European Operations), e.g. relevant to trans-national employees. The agreement covers the entire employed workforce of the BA group in at least all EEA countries. A formula laid down in the agreement results in a total of 21 employee representatives, six of whom represent the UK. There are insufficient employees in any other Member state to trigger the 10% of the comm unity-scale undertaking requirement for an additional representative. Therefore the distribution of representatives remains as follows:EWC representations currently comprise 16 men and five women (none from the UK) and do not reflect the diverse racial and ethnic groups employed, particularly at Heathrow. There is, however, a representative of all functions across the airline, including pilots, cabin crew, engineering, group handling, sales and check-in personnel. Key features of the agreement are: ? It is without prejudice to the existing information and consultation structures existing at national level; ? It recognizes the need to develop dialogue and mutual understanding between management and employees on the transnational aspects of the group;? Provision for extraordinary meetings to be convened no later than 10 working days after the company announces significant transnational changes such as mergers, relocations, collective redundancies or restructuring – the spokespe rson or deputy to be informed the same day as the announcement is made; ? Representation for each establishment or group of establishments per Member State with a formula for addition al mandates according to the percentage of total employees of the group ( current ensuring a majority for the UK);? The BA EWC will be chaired by a BA representative of senior management level or above or above with European responsibilities or his or her deputy; Managerial Aspects 7 ? Central management will be represented by appropriate BA managers or their nominated deputies; ? Assistance for the employee side from two of their own experts at the preparatory meeting, the general meeting and the following meetings, and the facility to co-opt other persons as may be agreed from time to time; ? Employee representatives to serve normally for a period of three years;? Two meetings per year, normally within one month of the announcement of BA’s half-yearly and end of year results; ? The secretariat is responsible for coordinating the agenda, advising all parties, preparing and distributing the minutes; ? Employee representatives have to appoint a spokesperson ‘to be a point of reference for the chairman; ? The working language of the BA EWC in English, with facilities for translation available if necessary; ? There are arrangements for time off from normal duties for employee representatives to attend meetings, attend agreed training courses and for minimum necessary traveling time;? The BA EWC meeting will normally last three hours with facilities available for employee representatives and their experts and agreed co-optees to meet the day before the general meeting, and the afternoon after the general meeting; Managerial Aspects 8 ? Confidentially applies to information supplied as such by management, with the obligation continuing after the representatives’ terms of office and any breach considered a disciplinary offence; ? Management are entitled not to provi de information deemed confidential or prejudicial to any other party;? A joint written statement outlining the key points arising from the meeting will be circulated by the secretariat to all appropriate locations for onward briefing. Since its inception the EWC has met twice per year. If required, extraordinary meetings could be called, but only on management’s initiative in the event of level developments of the magnitude of 11 September 2001. after this event some meetings were called but these only involved members of a select committee called â€Å"the bureau†. All full general meeting is considered unwieldy and too difficult to convene at short notice.Furthermore the established information and consultation machinery would in most cases be considered most appropriate to handle corporate wide issues in extraordinary circumstances. In any cases management would be required to inform and consult via the NNF. For example during the course of this research the war wit h Iraq was taking places. The company chose to raise issues relating to the war at a meeting of the NNF, to which the employee spokesperson (or chair) was invited. The bureau is not formalized in the EWC agreement, but was established some 18 month to two years later.When it was recognized that there were some more detailed Managerial Aspects 9 discussions that needed to take place that could not be effectively handled by the larger form. It is a selected committee of management and employee representatives, normally comprising seven to nine people, including the EWC chair (a senior European manager), the employee chair (a Dane), and his deputy and a senior HR manager. A total of four employee representatives plus two experts might attend meetings. Unlike the full EWC the bureau tends to reflect a more European bias with more employee representatives and managers from Europe.The bureau has two meetings per year, in addition to the full EWC meetings, but members may communicate more frequently as required. Mission Statement To develop a portfolio of products that meet customers’ needs and delivering high levels of performance and customer care. Resources Employees Current employment after the ongoing process of rationalization across Europe and the UK is around 45,000. the UK employment numbers and practice therefore tend to dominate practices and culture throughout the group. EDI Business Resources 10 EDI Business continues to enhance the provision of customer service within the air cargo industry.British Airways World Cargo uses this technology to: 1. Receive and transmit air way bill data by EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) 2. Receive and transmit house air way bill data by EDI to customs authorities. 3. Receive and process freight. 4. Deliver automated notification of the receipt of freight. 5. Track and trace freight from the airport of origin to the airport of destination using barcode technology. 6. Improve transparency of performance measurement to customers. Main Airports Served British Airways World cargo has an extensive global network.Major airports served within the UK include: London Heathrow, London Gatwick and Manchester. With stations spanning six continents, there is an integrated flight and trucking capability that enables it cover 200 destinations in over 80 countries. Number and type of aircraft The British Airways World Cargo has a total of 32 Boeing 757-with a capacity of 195 passengers, a range of up to 3,429miles and two Rolls Royce engines –in its fleet. Other aircrafts include: Boeing 737,777,747-400,767,757-200F, 747-200F,747-400F, Airbus A319, Airbus A320, DC8-54F, and MD11F.Operations 11 Operations The British Airways World Cargo has a freighter programme that makes it one of the largest single carrier networks, with a reliable schedule, same day connections between most continent and destinations and extensive road connections. It is operated by the EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) which faci lities the receival and transmittal of airway bill data, house airway bill data, delivering of automated notification of receipt of freight, track and trace freight and improve transparency of performance measurement to customers.Markets served included operations in the UK and across Europe. The type of cargo are limited to freight , mail and courier traffic. At the export is weighed and security screened ( X-rayed) and a security certificate is issued. At many locations, BAWC employs a handling agents to accept goods for carriage and accepts payments on its behalf. Once freight is cleared, the customer has to go to the import office at the destination station with a photographic proof of identify (driving licence or passport, or similar according to local regulations) and details of the goods e. g a copy of the airway bill.It is unlikely that BWAC, or its agents would be able to correctly identify the goods without the number of the air way bill. Business Relationship 12 Business Relationship Cargo 2000 CARGO 2000 is an IATA special interest group of airlines and forwarders, setup in 1997, with the aim of setting new standards for the air cargo industry. This group identifies a need to make the process of moving cargo from A to B much more efficient. Research carried out by IATA in 1997 on unitized point freight showed that goods took as long to travel in 1997 as they haf done 25 years previously.The group agreed that the number of steps in the process had to be simplified and supported by accurate information exchange between airlines, forwarders and shippers. The Cargo 2000 group tackled this by creating the Master Operating Plan (MOP) which defined a streamlined door to door process with specific information checkpoints. The MOP introduced the concept of the route map- the prediction of the journey the freight is expected to take, based upon the booking parameters, which is then validated against actual operational data provided by the airlines and forwar ders.Cargo 2000 is working to a phased implementation programme: Phase 1 Airport to Airport- Shipment Planning and Tracking at Master Air waybill level Phase 2 Door to Door- Shipment Plannin g and Tracking at House Air waybill level Phase 3 Door to Door- Shipment Planning and Tracking at individual piece level- Document Tracking. Business Relationship 13 Benefit to Customers As Cargo members, British Airways World Cargo will: Ensure the Cargo 2000 processes relating to the carriage of air cargo are followed Monitor our performance against the standards set by Cargo 2000Integrate the quality standards set by Cargo 2000 with our own systems and policies Benchmark our performance results and implement procedures to continually review and improve our service standards Aim to achieve accreditation by meeting the criteria specified by cargo 2000 within each phase. British Airways World cargo has been involved with, and participated in the cargo 2000 group since its creation and fully supp orts the objectives and initiatives of the group. Comments The BAWC agenda, focuses on company results and strategy, including items such as plans for aircraft and how management perceive the future of some sectors.Concerns that the company has for south America have been raised as these will inevitably result in some cutbacks in operations in this area. Competition of the North Altantic routes, cutbacks in the USA as a result of the war, and how the company can complete for corporate business, are issues for discussion. Discussion in meetings is not and will not be con fined to BA in Europe, but will encompass the global context for operations. Changes made in the engineering services that affected people working in engineering across Europe were an example of this.The process of consultation had to respect national representative structure and procedures and therefore consultations would always take place at works councils across Europe- particularly in Germany and at the UK trade s union panels and forums, before any discussion could take place at the EWC. Future plans/developments 14 Future plans/developments Management’s aim to provide full and high –level information on transnational issues has evinced a level of empathy from the employee side of the company.While management effectively controls the EWC process there is nonetheless an evident maturation on the employee side with members attempting to make a positive and ‘professional’ input. Crossover communication channels between negotiation forums and the EWC are suggested by management and the employee side both within and outside the EWC, as desirable future developments to enable the EWC to have more relevance and to limit the current duplication of consultation activities.The employee respondents would also welcome more opportunities for employee- only meetings. It is not thought that EU enlargement will significantly affect the BAEWC other than adding to its size and bur eaucracy, possible making it more unwieldy. In consequences the smaller bureau might assume a more emphatic and vigorous role. The UK representatives will still make up the largest national group with the EWC and continue their current dominance.It is hoped that the training currently planned for employee representatives will help new members quickly assume their roles and contribute regardless of their culture. The nature of the industry ensures that English will remain the preferred language. References 1. www. eurofound. eu. int 2. Europe Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working conditions, 2005. 3. BALPA, British Airtime and Pilots Association Journal 2005. 4. EC Directive, Article 13, 1994 – 1995 5. Amicus – AEEU, Journal 2003 6. IATA Journal, 1997. International Air Transport Association