Issues Analysis- Indigenous People Essay Example for Free

Issues Analysis- innate People EssayAs the British arrived on the wreak of the indigene pack they hoped to absorb the aboriginal people into their culture to work in the innovative colony. The aboriginal people tried to avoid the settlers but as the work became to a greater extent than occupied wholesaler became unavoidable. Governor Phillip wanted to avoid any unnecessary conflict so he treated the aboriginal people with kindness and ordered his soldiers not to shoot any of them. He captured many aboriginals and one of them was Bennelong. He wanted them to learn English and act as translators between the Indigenous groups and the British.There were clashes over the land and culture of Aboriginals and the British. Phillip ignorantly ordered his soldiers to fire at the Aboriginal people as he has already tried to civilise them and assimilate them into the British culture and society was not work as he had hoped. The Aboriginal peoples saw that the British settlers were p utting up fences clearing the land, restricting access and introducing different animals so they started to think that the British were invading, this lead to retaliation from the Aboriginals.By 1797, attitudes and policy toward the Indigenous peoples had changed. No longer did the political science decide to assimilate the Indigenous peoples, but rather have a new policy and that was to go on them out. In 1800 Governor King had reported to the British presidential term the number of Aboriginal people killed in fighting was far greater than the number of British people killed. The common response from the government to the Aboriginal resistance was to send expeditions of solders to punish any groups that threatened settlers and farms.These soldiers hunted and killed groups of Indigenous people that were persuasion to have been stealing stock, aliment and gener aloney harassing the settlers. Government instructions after 1800 were to fire at all indigenous peoples until they were far past from British settlements. As the British settlement gotten bigger, the Indigenous peoples lost more and more of their land and many of their family members. They became more reliant on the British settlers to provide them food, shelter and water.As their traditional life was slowly eroding, many Aboriginal people started living on the outskirts of towns or started working as servants or slaves for the British settlements. The inability for the Aboriginal people to succeed in this era it caused a change in the European view of the time, that Indigenous peoples were inferior, and were unable to look after themselves or the land. heretofore not all contact was violent with the British settlers and the Aboriginal people. At times there was companionable contact and peace. Some Aboriginal peoples voluntarily became part of the British society.There is also plenty of show up that groups of Indigenous peoples helped Europeans when they were in trouble and this was quite often , as life for British settlers was extremely hard in the early years of the colony. British colonisation of Australian started in Sydney in 1788. The rapidly occurring consequences within weeks of the frontmost colonists arrival was a wave of European epidemic diseases such as smallpox, chickenpox, influenza and measles. These diseases change the largest nation densities where these diseases could spread easier.The next consequence of British settlement was water resources and the management of land. The settlers viewed Indigenous Australians as Nomads with no civilised concept of land ownership, who could be charged from the land wanted for farming. The aboriginals would easily migrate elsewhere. The tinge on the aboriginals was fatal as there was loss of traditional lands, water resources and food sources, as the communities were affected by European diseases. The spiritual and cultural cohesion and well- world was affected because of the communities being forced away from the traditional areas.The settlers brought sexually transmitted diseases, and indigenous Australians had no tolerance and therefore greatly reduced richness and birth-rates. Settlers were responsible for introducing the alcohol, opium and tobacco, and substance abuse has remained a huge problem for Indigenous communities. The result of disease, loss of land and violence reduced the Aboriginal population by an estimated 90% between 1788 and1900. Smallpox alone killed more than 50% of the Aboriginal population. Up to 3000 white people were killed by Indigenous Australians in the frontier violence. most(prenominal) Indigenous people became a significant source of labour. Most of the work was unpaid, instead they survived on the rations that the workers receive such as forms of food, clothing ad other basic necessities. In many areas of Australia Christian missions donated food and clothing for the indigenous people and opened schools and orphanages for Indigenous children. In some place s of Australia colonial governments provided some resources. In 1914 around 1200 Aboriginal people answered the call to arms as the war was desperate for new recruits. many a(prenominal) Indigenous people claimed they were Indian or cook islanders to avoid the laws of no indigenous people being in the defence force. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_AustraliansThe_impact_of_British_settlement There are many health promoting strategies today such as ii Ways Together NSW Aboriginal Affairs Plan 2003-2012, COAG Agreement, they set six hatchways for closing the disadvantage gap between the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, CEO performance agreements. Resetting the relationship with Indigenous Australians is important and this partnership must be respectful.It takes both parties to make a difference. Recent research by Reconciliation Australia indicates that Australians have a strong desire to better understand the Indigenous peoples. Acknowledging Indigenous dis advantage is a national business that will require the engagement of the Australian Community. The government has committed to working in partnership with Indigenous Australians, businesses, state and territory governments and community organisations. http//www. skwirk. com. au/p-c_s-56_u-415_t-1040_c-4006/british-aboriginal-relations-1788-1820/qld/sose-history/first-australians-and-the-european-arrivals/settlement-1788-1850.

Crucible and McCarthyism Essay Example for Free

crucible and McCarthyism EssayIn American History there were two proceedings that were very similar, yet three hundred years apart. The capital of Oregon Witch Trials took place in 1692, the seventeenth century and McCarthyism took place in 1948 between 1956, the mid 20th century. These two proceedings atomic number 18 cognize as two of the greatest mass tragedies in America. The crucible is an allegory of McCarthyism or in other words the second Red Scare. During McCarthyism the United States was petrified of Communists influence. Many peck in both the Crucible and McCarthyism who feared the court provided names of suspects in an attempt to save themselves. Throughout these two proceedings, there is the concept of mass hysteria. Mass hysteria is a form of group thinking in which several mess hold back something in common and begin to think in the same way. The Crucible began as a way for the oppressed girls to avoid being punished. The girls and so found this to be an paragon way to get revenge on anyone whom you dis akind. People started accusing their neighbors of being witches so they could steal their farmland. Others, like Abby, accused others of being witches if they wanted to steal their husband or wives, or even possessions. The McCarthy hearings, as they were known as, were known to have dominated our country.These hearings, were of suspects being related to communism, were interviewed and forced to give up the names of others, or they were imprisoned, and their names were black listed. One similarity between McCarthyism and the Salem Witch Trials is that everybody is doing it mentally. The lives of the innocent people were ruin in both eras because of all the accusations and punishments. Both the people accused in the Salem Witch Trials and the people accused in The McCarthy hearings were found chargeable with such little evidence. There were so many unpopulated accusations, with little to no proof. During the Crucible time period, those accused of being witches were sometimes sentenced to be tied to a rock and thrown in a pond, and if they sank, they were declared innocent, but if they somehow survived the dunking, then they were shown to be witches and then executed. Most of those found guilty of witchcraft were hung. In the Crucible, Giles Corey was pressed to death with rocks, because he refused to plead guilty or innocent. Throughout the Crucible peoples names are destroyed even when they are completely innocent. In the book The Crucible by Arthur Miller, John Proctor states, Because it is my name Because Icannot have another in my life Because I lie and sign myself to lies Because I am not worth(predicate) the dust on the feet of them that hang How may I live without my name? I have given(p) you my soul leave me my name(Miller)

Attila the Hun - Short Story Essay Example for Free

Attila the Hun Short Story Essaywhy were the military campaigns of Attila the Hun victorful? Attilas military success will be explained through his ability to seduce the roman prints into contend on a pretext whenever the roman prints were vulnerable. His motives behind each war was to abstract as a great deal money from the Romans as possible. Also to be explored will be his ability to assert psychological subordination over the eastern Emperor at a time when the twain conglomerates were at peace. what is more than to be examined will be his ability to portray himself as diplomatic through treaties and embassy consultations between the Romans and the Huns. Also to be looked at will be how successful was Attilas at creating and seizing opportunities This will be make by loo big businessman at Attilas campaigns in the eastbound and air jacket Roman conglomerates. After the conclusion of their Uncle Rua 435/6, Attila and his blood brother B leada took control o f the Hunnic conglomerate. The two brothers decided to renegotiate the relationship that existed between their Uncle Rua and the Eastern Roman conglomerate based in Constantinople.The treaty set up by Rua, stipulated that, the Romans paid him an annual aid of 350 lbs of gold. He likewise demanded fugitives who had fled to the Romans and threatened war if they were not returned. The negotiations took place near the urban center of Margus in 438. According to Priscus the run into took place according to both parties customs. The Huns would hear what the Romans had to say epoch mounted on horseback while the Romans discussed the meeting on foot. The Huns dictated the new terms of the treaty, referred to as the Peace of Margus. The Huns decided the annual subsidy was to be raised to the sum of 700lbs. The treaty too fixed that for every Roman captive who had get a federal agency from the barbarians, the Romans must pay eight pieces of gold. The treaty also predetermined that all fugitives must be returned to the Huns.Furthermore the emperor Theodosius was to relinquish any ongoing treaties with enemies of the Huns. Moreover the Huns were to conduct the way the free markets on the northerly side of the Danube were controlled. Attila used the markets as a pretext to wage war on the east. The free markets were attacked by Hunnic traders in 441/2 killing Roman merchants during the raid. Theodosius complained that the Huns had violated the Peace of Margus. The Huns reported to the Romans that the Bishop of Margus had crossed over to their rule and robbed their royal tombs. They complained that the Romans had not honoured the Peace of Margus by refusing to return fugitives to them. Additionally, they demanded the Bishop be handed over as well. The conditional relation of these allegations was central to the Huns plan for an attack during the campaigning sea male child. The Romans refused both claims and war was declared.Having successfully provoked the Easte rn Romans into a war had been a strategic move by the Hunnic leader. Attila knew the eastern Roman field forces were based in Sicily on a joint expedition with the Western Empire to recapture Carthage from the Vandals led by office Geseric. The North Afri tramp campaign was partially why Theodosius readily agreed to the treaty of Margus. He thinking it would give the east breathing space. Moreover Carthage was crucial to the Western Empire as it provided capital of Italy with grain. subtile that the east was vulnerable, the Huns would cause carnage through let on the Balkans. Margus was a key city that opened up the Balkans for the Hunnic assault of the east. The Bishop of Margus defected to the Huns. In return for clemency he handed over the Episcopal city. The Huns swept through the Balkans facts of life cities to the ground. The key fortified city of Naissus was be besiegingd and taken. Priscus gives an account of the siege.He states a large rate of Hunnic siege engines had been brought up to the wallthe so called rams were brought up alsoA beam is suspended by slack chains. However, Professor E.A Thompson disputes that the siege occurred and that Priscus borrows heavy on Thucydides account of the Battle at Plataea. Professor Thompson states four reasons to argue his read/write head, among them the Huns inept ability to render such machines and also it is unlikely that the Hunnic archers, who rarely dismounted, would on this occasion oblige left wing their horses for a whole alien form of warfare. On the other hand, they may have been quite capable of such twist for it is well documented they had enslaved many tradesmen. As for example in the bath which was made for the Hunnic noble Onegesius by a craftsman who was captured at Sirmium. Nevertheless the Huns ransacked and pillaged the Balkans taking fortified cities along the way such as Viminacium, Illyricum and defeated the Roman army at Chersonese. According to Brian Croke, In 441 the Huns inv aded Illyricum only and in 442 broke into northern Thrace .The Romans sued for peace and the Treaty of Anatolius was agreed. Attila terms demanded that the annual tribute be tripled to 2,100 pounds of gold. He also compelled the Romans to surrender all Hun deserters and to ransom their aver deserters at a rate of twelve solidi each. The treaty, however, contained one preparedness that had no precedent. Attila forced the Romans to make an immediate payment of 6,000 pounds of gold. Attilas plan to force a war to bring ab appear higher subsidies had worked. He would devastate the Balkans for a second time in 447 when he came looking for subsidies that were in arrears. When Atillas second campaign of the Balkans began in 447 he was sole leader of the Huns after having his brother Bleda killed in 445/6. A year later an embassy was move by Attila to the Imperial court to address the wall plug of arrears and fugitives.The Romans were now feeling in a stronger position. They had introdu ced a new law in 443 which insured military machine readiness for the Eastern Field forces. They had been strengthened by a recruitment of a large number of Isaurians traditionally bandits- from the high arrives of Cilicia in south-west Asia Minor. Moreover the Eastern army had been forced to return from Sicily after Attilas first campaign. Attila turned as far south to Thermopylae and then west, ransacking Marcianople, Arcadiopolis, and Callipolis. An earthquake at Constantinople had occurred, Attila decided to turn back. The Imperial City was heavily fortified with triple walls that had been repaired hastily after the earthquake. The legislated forces Readiness law was of little use to the Romans as Attila wreaked havoc on an unprecedented scale.The results were the same as the first campaign, the Romans sued for peace and the second treaty of Anatolius was agreed. More subsides was agreed and a large track of kingdom to act as a buffer zone between the Huns and the Romans was approved. Attila had succeeded at luring the Eastern Empire into war on a pretext to extort more subsidies. He was also adept at maintain his psychological domination, by humiliating the Eastern Emperor Theodosius at Constantinople. Theodosius was humiliated in 449 when his Eunuch Chrysaphius crosshatched a plot to assassinate Attila. The Plot was unbeknown to the Roman ambassador Maximinus, and his escort Priscus. They were sent to Attilas camp to discuss issues in the treaty such as the ongoing fugitives case and the issue of the land used as a buffer zone. To give a picture of the devastation Attila caused in the Balkans. Prisucus relates how when travelling to Attilas court in 449 they break shortped at Naissus to pitch tent, he states how the place was littered with study from Attilas first campaign. Attilas refusal to meet the missionaries irritated Maximinus and Priscus.He tenacious them to leave then ordered them to stay. Maximinus and Priscus were at a loss to Attilas behaviour. Maximinus was frustrated and urged Priscus to arrange a meeting with Attila. Priscus succeeded by go gifts to Onegesius brother Scottas to secure them a meeting with Attila. The two missionaries were shocked when it was revealed to them by Attilas men the point of their mission. After nothing left to stay for they departed home despaired. They met their interpreter Bigilas travelling back to Attilas court whom he had dismissed earlier. When they had initially left Constantinople, Chrysaphius had persuaded Edeco to kill Attila. Edeco had arrived in Constantinople the previous spring as a Hunnic ambassador and was now returning to Attilas camp along with Maximinus and Priscus. Edeco a faithful and trustful servant to Attila had revealed the details at erstwhile. When Bigilas arrived he was immediately set upon by Attilas men and a bag with 50lbs of gold was found in his possession.It was the reward money to Edeco if he had succeeded in killing Attila. Bigilas son was th reatened with death if he did not come back with some other 50lbs of gold. Attila sent his Roman secretarial assistant Orestes as a Hunnic ambassador to Constantinople with the empty bag around his neck. His instructions were to ask Theodosius if he recognised the bag. Priscus gives a clear account of the humiliation when he states Eslas was to say directly that Theodosius was the son of a nobly born father, and Attila too was off noble descentwhereas Attila had preserved his noble linage, Theodosius had lapseen from his and was Attilas slave adjoin to the payment of tribute. Attila had succeeded at psychologically humiliating Theodosius. Furthermore, as the interpreter returned with the 50lb of gold to free his son, Attila had gained more subsidies in the form of 100lbs gold even though the two sides were at peace. Priscus observed an interesting point at Attilas court.He noticed Attila was asking western ambassadors to hand over a fluent plate dealer who resided in Rome, name d Silvanus. Attila claimed Silvanus had stolen gold vessels from him. Silvanus maintained he had bought the vessels from Attilas secretary Constantius. Attila had Constantius crucified and called for the surrender of the Silvanus. The Roman General Aetius refused Attilas demand. Aetius declared that Silvanus was Constantius creditor, despite the fact that he did offer to pay for the price of the vessels he would not hand over the innocent Silvanus. Attila had got his pretext to wage war in the west. Moreover in c.450 a Frankish succession crisis brought about a situation where one claimant appealed to the Huns and the other to the Vatican. In 451 Attila left the Hungarian plains and turned westwards to Gaul. The Hunnic invasion of Gaul was accompanied by allies such as the Rugian, Gepid, Burgundian, Scirian, Thuringian and Franks.They initially swept away defenceless cities such as Metz and Constantines old Imperial city at Trier. At the city of Orleans they met heavy resistance fro m the Alans who were in the service of the Romans. Aetius and Theodoric along with some(prenominal) other mercenary tribes manage to lure Attila away from Orleans. The following month was the Battle of Chalons on the Catalaunian fields. The encounter of Catulaunian Fields is regarded as one of the decisive battles of the western world. Attilas army was defeated by Aetius who correspond the incapable Western Emperor Valentinian. Both sides suffered heavy losses, the Gothic king Theodoric had been killed in the battle. Aetius advised Theodorics son Thorismud to return home to defend his claim to the throne, as a result disabling Aetius hunt of the battle against the Hunnic alliance.Attila retreated back to the Hungarian plains to plan his next move. Within a year the Huns were on the move again. The Western Emperor Valentinian sister Honoria had been caught having an affair and was bethrothed to another man named Herculanus. She sent her eunuch Hyacinthus to Attila earlier he ent ered Gaul offering herself as his wife and half the western Empire as her dowry. She had sent her ring as proof of her commitment. Attila waged war on Italy in 452 on the pretext he was empower to half the Western Empire. Attila pillaged the wealthiest cities in northern Italy most notably Aquileia and Milan.When he was marching towards Rome papal legend claims Pope Leo persuaded him to abandon his plan and not to attack Rome. More virtual(a) issues would be his incompetence in preparing a supply line of food for his huge army. It could also be said the army was suffering from breakouts of various diseases. Furthermore an Eastern Roman General also named Aetius had invaded Attilas kingdom. Nonetheless, Attila decided to return home to his vast Empire north of the Danube where he died the following year on his wedding night.The Huns had been inadvertently responsible for creating the instability the Western Empire now faced. Attilas predecessors had forced, Germanic, Alans, Suevi a nd other tribes into the Empire for sanctuary. In 376 the Romans were beseeched by Goths north of the Danube to be admitted into the Empire who had been retreating under Hunnic Pressure. They had been driven from their lands by the Huns and were now carrefour the Danube to reach the Empire. When the Goths were admitted into the Empire during the late fourth century, the authorities gave them food and land to cultivate. The Eastern Emperor Valens viewed them as foedearti and more taxes this would benefit the army and treasury alike. Moreover the rich landowners would benefit from their labourer. Too many refugees came crossways for the Romans to count, but it may possibly have been in the tens or hundreds of thousands. Many were dispersed to whether they were needed to stop them becoming a threat to the Empire.The displacement of the Goths by the Huns and acceptance by Emperor Valens is often viewed as the beginning of the end for the Western Roman Empire. The invitation quickly tu rned to attempted invasion when the Romans in the east suffered their worst defeat in 600 years at the battle of Adrianople in 378. The Goths led by king Fritergen killed the emperor Valens not until the ninth century would another emperor die in battle. They slaughtered two thirds of the Eastern Roman army. It was a self inflicted wound, near crippling the east. If the Goths had been treated better in the east, they may have helped the Romans face the Hunnic hordes already closing in from the Steppes. Furthermore slightly more than three decades later the Visigoths led by Alaric would sack Rome in 410.These two conquests in the east and west is discernable the once mighty Roman Empires glory days were almost at an end. By the time the Huns had turned west from the Hungarian plains into Gaul, the west was already a change Empire through lose of land, taxes and military power. By the time of Attilas arrival the Western Empire was dominated by barbarian tribes. Germanic forces had f ought and weakened the empire in northern Gaul. Consequently it seems to have become a patchwork of territories ruled by unrecognised chiefs, leaders whose authority was based upon Roman titles, and barbarian warlords. The tribes were dominant enough to conduct their own foreign policy and more importantly, alliances, without Roman approval. For example Theodoric married his one of his daughters to the heir of the Vandal throne and another to the Suevic king.In Gaul 406, 408, and 411, the Romans had fought among themselves and suffered heavy losses. Supported by the Huns in 425 they suffered further losses at the manpower of the Vandals. In 439 Aetius was fighting the Goths in Gaul in and restoring order against local rebels named by Romans as Bagaudae at Aremorica. Geseric took advantage and took Carthage by surprise. Due to the manpower crisis the Empire could not afford to fight on two fronts. To protect Carthage, Aetius had to make peace with the Gothic king Theodoric to free h imself in order to fight the Vandals. Aetius had increasingly become heavily depended upon recruiting barbarian allies outside the Empire.. Attila made unsuccessful attempts to extract wealth from the west.Attilas campaigns can be measured as successful through his tactics, his ability to lure the Romans into war on a pretext. He tended to act diplomatic by negotiating treaties then he would dishonour his own treaty and blame the Romans, Attila repeatedly used the issue fugitives as a case to wage war. Attilas success can be measured on his achievements through the raising of subsides with each treaty. Attila achieved what he had set out to do from the start and that was to get as much money from the Romans as possible. Attila never wanted to whip Constantinople or Rome.He wanted to extract as much subsides as he could. The Eastern Empire collected taxes from Egypt to Asia Minor and the Huns had no navy to uphold this lucrative adventure. It was easier for them to collect of the Ro mans. His successful campaigns were planned strategically. His campaigns can be measured by breaking up an important joint East-West enterprise to save Carthage. This is also the case in the west. He knew it was in a factional position and politically unstable. It was an opportunity Attila Seized upon. Attila campaigns were thought out in advance and sometimes long before the enemy realised. Attila could also be tactful evident to this was shown hen Attila humiliated Theodosius. 1 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443. in The American Journal of Philology, Vol. XCV11, No. 2 (1976), p.178 2 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., p.177 3 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire A new history of Rome and the barbarians (USA, 2006), p.301 4 . E. Gibbon, (2012-05-12). History ofthe Decline and fall of the Roman Empire muckle 3 (Kindle Locations 3917-3922). . Kindle Edition. 5 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.301 6 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Hun s of 443., p.177 7 . E. Gibbon, (2012-05-12). History of the Decline and fall of the Roman Empire Volume 3 (Kindle Locations 3998-4001). . Kindle Edition. 8 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443, p.178 9 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 10 . R. Blockley, Dexippus and Priscus and the Thucydidean account of the siege of Plataea. in Phoenix, Vol. XXV1, No. 1 (1972), p.25 11 . R. Blockley, Dexippus and Priscus and the Thucydidean account of the siege of Plataea, p.25 12 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., pp. 176-179 13 . B.Croke, The Context and Date of Priscus Fragment 6. Classical Philology, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Oct., 1983), pp. 297-308 14 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., pp. 176-179 15 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 16 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 17 . knightly Sourcebook, Priscus at the court of Attila (http//www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ origin/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) 18 . Medieval Sour cebook, Priscus at the court of Attila (http//www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) 19 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.324 20 . Medieval Sourcebook, Priscus at the court of Attila (http//www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) 21 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West 376-568 (UK, 2007), p.250 22 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.324 23 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.253 24 . E.A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians, p.16 25 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.252 26 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.252 27 . G.Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West 376-568, p.254 28 . P. Heather. The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in The English Historical Review, Vol. 110, No. 435 (Feb., 1995), p.11 29 . J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided 400-700 (UK, 2001), p12 30 . E.A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians The decline of the Western Empire (USA, 1982), p.16 31 . J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.12 32 . J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.62 33 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.243 34 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.247 35 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.245 36 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.254 37 . J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.53

Coney Island and Victorian Culture Essay Example for Free

Coney Island and Victorian polish EssayConey Island at the criminal of the degree centigrade was a bustling and growing place. community of all partitioninges traveled from New York city as well as other parts of the public to take part in the renowned sports that helped to loosen the tight corsets of Victorian gentility. Inspired by the Columbian Exposition in 1893 George Tilyou began to build a commonalty on Coney Island beginning with the Ferris Wheel similar to that feature at the exposition which was designed by the Pennsylvania Steel Comp whatsoever. By 1895 Tilyou opened Steeplechase Park and began to concern it with acts and side shows thus stir by his travels a a couple of(prenominal) years prior.While concentrating on the appeal to all walks of life Tilyou acquired A Ride to The Moon from Fredric Thompson and Elmer Dundy who make the ride specifically for the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. A inadequate season later in 1902 Thompson and D undy left Steeplechase to create Luna Park taking the amusement with them. Playing take come on the most popular sport on Coney Island, Tilyou obtained a mechanical horse race that took riders on a thirty second ride around a track complete with hills and sharp turns.former(a) attractions added to the greenness included the Human Roulette Wheel which threw riders in all directions and Earthquake Stairs which jostled climbers and challenged them to deduct a shaking stair case. These attractions as well as the wild side shows caused community to regurgitate take away all conventionality and made them rub elbows with other classes while having unrestricted looseness. While Steeplechase move visitors to the peninsula it also increased in the popularity of swimming or bathing as it was referred to in Victorian speak.People on a hot New York twenty-four hours adventured to Steeple Chase and the beach by diverse means of transportation. Donning the latest in bathing fashions si ght enjoyed more unrestricted fun regardless of any class system in the water. Although Victorians looked put down their noses at the amusements and public bathing, people serene flocked to the beaches and splashed in the chilly waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Ruckus rides and the ability to socialize appealed to the younger generations looking to toss off the oppressive garbs of Victorian gentility and just have plain unrestrictive fun.In 1907 tragedy strike Steeplechase as sex ravaged the super C leaving a smoking ruin. In the efforts to tranquillise turn a dollar Tilyou charged admission to the ruins of the once great park. During the rebuilding, Luna Park benefited from the loss and treated guests to a modern park with rides to thrill everyone. The old-fashionedness of Steeplechase was challenged as Luna Park, the most modern of its beat dazzled park goers with electric lights and tall white towers bathed in bright bulbs.This enabled the park to operate at night. But still people remained loyal to the original amusement park they k in the buff so well even though built a rude(a) from smoldering ruins. George Tilyou sadly passed away in 1914 after seeing his park through other fire in 1911 which claimed never-never land. Luckily passable the winds shifted and spared his park from a second disaster. By 1914 the amusement park began to fall out of favor. The once well loved and most visited park suffered a loss in the visitors during the hot New York summers.Steeplechase go along to operate and help people socialize and essentially come out of the tight bonds of gentility by offering a carefree time with out restrictions. Then on New Years Eve 1964 the last light was turned off for the final time at the ill fated old fashioned park. Luna Park on the other hand was not as popular as the original park but provided new wonders for those curious and bodacious enough to seek it out. Created after the Beaux-Arts movement of the time Thompson an erratic ar chitect began to design the park as a world where someone could be lost in fantasy.By opening day on whitethorn 16th 1903 Luna Park opened its doors to the wonderment of many people seeking out entertainment and new amusements to help them shed the conventionality of the structured Victorian world. Here we can clearly see where still Steeplechase was cherished corresponding a child hugs a ragged teddy bear but the new adventure which was named Luna was embraced for its latest technologies that Steeplechase clearly was lacking. With over 1 million lights, long distance telephone service, cable and radio services Luna Park became a city with in a city.With Thompson and Dundys advantage in creating illusion rides for the park guests they still relied on others as well. When they left the employment of Tilyou after the 1902 season they brought their illustrious Ride to the Moon amusement with them. Counting on its fame from Steeplechase park and the illustrious past of be featured at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901 the creators hoped it would bring the crowds in. With more and more people seeking a day at the park and on the beach both set helped make Coney Island known world wide and soon became a top tourist destination.At a time when high partnership still held restrictions of how men and women should act in public in high regards, more and more people used these parks as a way to shed the restrictions of fellowship and seek titillating amusements and fill curiosities each other had that Victorian culture had suppressed over the years with rules and barriers against those who dared to go against the prim and appropriate societies. Technology in these times were changing and what better place to display these but at amusement parks and expositions.Younger Victorians embraced these changes and viewed them as a move toward the future. We can clearly see where walls were broken down between classes while all walks of life frolicked on the beaches of Co ney Island, screamed on the same rides, and traveled straightaway than they ever had in their lives. Luna Park and Steeplechase side by side were trem conclusionous examples of old an new. While people still embraced the old curious onlookers sought out attractions that displayed futuristic gadgets.By the creation of the final park dreamworld in 1904 tourism and the shedding of Victorian genteel ways were in full swing. Dreamland brought more pleasure seekers to the peninsula and more bathers to the sea shore. The park was built by William Reynolds who is best known for his flex dealings with Tammany Hall. Dreamland became the park to rival the other 2 on the peninsula. It is said that the park would be anything unlike the modern world has seen. The main tower of Dreamland had a beacon that shined out to sea and confused many ships coming into port.The amusement park sparkled as guests promenaded through the many attractions and thrill rides. With Dreamland promising amusement i n a more dignified way the creators tried to offer Culture to those who visited the park. Providing a grand ballroom and upscale restaurants from around the world Dreamland attempted to cater to the amphetamine class leaving depleteder classes to attend the older less dignified parks. The developers still provided rides and attractions that rivaled the other parks and even stole ideas from them as well.Americans were fascinated by disasters. Fighting the Flames was a good example of this as New Yorkers were most familiar with tenements catching fire and many people dying. People could identify with this ride. As tenement style buildings covered in asbestos were set ablaze, firefighters came to the rescue of the tenants who jumped to their safety in huge nets below. With rides like Shoot the Chutes guests at Dreamland were still treated to rides that caused them to throw off all conventionalities. Dreamland with its intentions to celebrate all that is roper and dignified still prov ided outrageous outlets that caused people to smile and scream like they never had before. Sideshows still prevailed like Bostocks Circus and Captain Bonavitas Lion Show. They treated guests to clowns, wild animals, and daring stunts which caused people to gasp and look on in awe. Dreamland gave people a look at the world in their own backyard. Rides like Touring the the Alps which provided riders with a simulated ride through the Alps complete with blasts of cold air to the Japanese Tea Room which gave people a look at cultures foreign to their own.The achievements of creating an atmosphere of wonderment and awe like that of the previous expositions held in Chicago and Buffalo, Reynolds achieved ultimate success in helping people question their hum drum ways and rules that bound them tightly. On may 27 1911 the wonderment that was known as Dreamland came to an end when it burned to the ground. Complaints by the fire departments that fought the flames were low water pressure. It wa s said that Reynolds built the park so fast that he built over fire hydrants.The mistakes and rush to greed cost him his park only seven short years later. The fire although parsimony because of the winds did not leave Thompsons railway alone. Sadly but fortunately that was one of a few external victims of the fire caused by greed. Fred Thompson found General Manager Samuel Gumpertz staring blankly at the ruins. Reynolds opinionated not to rebuild the park and Gumpertz opened a freak show in a large-mouthed tent. This was the beginning of the end of Coney Island, the most famous playground of the early 20th century.Luna Park and Steeplechase continued to operate through many changes of attractions. The 1920s ushered in rides like The Wonder Wheel and The Cyclone. It is joked immigrants who came to this country dictum The Wonder Wheel first before seeing the Statue of Liberty. Still The Wonder Wheel is a wonderful example of freedom through good times and laughter and the sheddin g of old ways to a new life. By the close of the season of 1946 Luna Park could no longer afford to keep its furnish open to the dwindling visitors.That which was new and exciting became old and worn out. Steeplechase continued to operate and pride itself of being risen from the ashes still provided visitors with aging and familiar rides. By the opening of Astro Park in 1962 this began to spell the end of the turn of the century amusements. At the stroke of midnight New Years Eve 1964 the last light was turned out on the oldest amusement park of the time leaving stool a legacy of fun and a little known waltz written for the opening of Dreamland entitled Meet Me tonight in Dreamland.By looking at the amusement parks of the early 20th century we can clearly see where victorian Victorians were given the opportunity to shed the constrictions of a culture that coerce them into a protected part of society. Here creators of parks provided a person all types of amusements and bathing w hich for proper Victorians swimming with people of the opposite sex was just scandalous. Many of the older generations still held fast to their convictions of address and proper ways. In many ways Coney Island was a petrie dish for societies and cultures.Could they truly leave behind the tight corsets and stiff collars to have fun with all folks of all classes with out concern for class stratification due to wealth, power or even dress? The writer of this believes yes. This was a place where society began to leave behind their constrictions and just have plain fun. Therefore unmaking Victorian culture as it was known.

The Isolation of Bacteria from Sewage water

The Isolation of Bacteria from sewer water systemThe Isolation of Bacteria from sewer water for the decomposition of HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) tensile filmsChapter I- IntroductionBACKGROUND OF THE spend upPlastic is lightweight, durable and impermeable. These qualities halt make charge card a preferable material for society. But the abundant production of pliant out-of-pocket to the great demand of society means an excessive deal of disposal as well. The use of these lightweight, two-a-penny materials ar as single-use items that will go to the garbage dump within a year, where theyll persist for centuries. This imposes a threat to the health of battalion, animals, and the environment.Most elastic bags are made from polyethylene (PE) which is a polymer consisting of long shackles of the monomer ethylene (Burd, 2008). A molecule of Polyethylene is made up of a long chain of atomic number 6 atoms with wizard hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom.High Density Po lyethylene (HDPE) is one and only(a) kind of Polyethylene material that is used for making plastic products such as shopping bags, wash bottles, etc. (Freudenrich, Ph.D, 2011). HDPE plastic bags defy a high melting point and tensile strength, making it hard to be decomposed, which is a problem in maintaining the cleanliness of the environment.Wastewater comes from two major sources human cloaca and touch on risky from manufacturing industries. Waste water treatment involves containing naturally occurring bacterium and microbes at a high parsimony in tanks to form active sludge. The bacteria in the sludge feed on the carbon molecules from the waste in order to grow, thus, cleansing the waste water (Davies B.Sc, Ph.D, 2005) Previous studies have also shown that plastics that end up in landfills degrade due to reliable types of carbon-thriving bacterium that break down the plastic into simpler and safer forms such as water and alcohol.Since High Density Polyethylene plastic is basically made up of carbon molecules, and sewer water contains various bacterium that are used for wastewater treatments it can be concluded that certain bacterium in sewage water can be utilized in degrading HDPE plastic bags.GENERAL PROBLEMWhat is the effect of the isolated bacteria from the sewage water to the HDPE plastic in harm of weight?SUB PROBLEMS1. How many types of decomposing bacteria can be found in the sewage water?2. What would be the most effective decomposing bacteria for HDPE plastic that whitethorn be found in sewage water?3. How much weight loss will HDPE plastic have with the help of these decomposing bacteria?OBJECTIVES1. To constitute and isolate the PE- degrading bacteria in sewage water.2. To discover a way to utilize bacteria in decomposing plastic waste.3. To identify strains of bacteria that is non considered as PE degrading bacteriaSIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThis study shows the importance of the presence of bacteria in sewage water. It may not be the solid ground for people to avoid the contamination of bodies of water but it may be an assurance that HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) plastic films will degrade through the existence and exposure of cultured bacteria in sewage water. The strains of bacteria will be isolated and identified because will be used to decompose plastic and make sure that the strain of bacteria is the main cause for its degradation and weight loss. It is popular noesis to know that PE degrading bacteria are present in landfill but there are questions to people if PE degrading bacteria are consistently present in bodies of water, and if the strains of bacteria that inhabit water largely affect the decomposition of plastic films, these questions will be answered after the experimentation. The study can be more(prenominal) interesting if the resulting isolated bacteria are not described as PE degrading bacteria. It will be a novel discovery because the identified bacteria will be considered as a n ew medium for decomposition.SCOPE AND LIMITATIONSIn the said study, the researchers are focused in isolating bacteria and employ it as a decomposer of HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) plastic bags. They are throttle to utilizing samples from sewage water, with the assumption that it contains various kinds of microorganisms, as a source of the bacteria that they will need in decomposing the said plastic. The researchers are also limited to using High-density Polyethylene bags which is known for its high density and strong tensile strength. Furthermore, due to its high density, this kind of plastic is not easily decomposed making it as a problem in maintaining the cleanliness of the environment.Chapter II- Review of related to LiteraturePlastic Plastic is a lightweight, impermeable and durable material. It has many uses to society most unremarkably for packaging and storage. It is presented in a variety of ways depending on the mixture and the chemical bonds. The chemical bonds of plastic make it slow down the degrading process making the high production of this material painful to the environment. It is harmful especially when it is not disposed properly. Most plastics have organic polymers. Most of these polymers have each chains of carbon dioxide alone or with oxygen, sulphur and or nitrogen.Polyethylene Polyethylene is the most common plastic used today. Approximately 80 million tons of it is produced yearly. Its main use is for packaging. It commonly has a long carbon chain with two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom in the chain. It is chemically synthesized from ethylene, which is a compound usually made from petroleum or natural gas.HDPE When there are no long chains of polyethylene branching from the carbon atoms the polyethylene is now classified as linear polyethylene. It is more costly than LDPE but even though it is costly it is sturdier. Linear polyethylene is made by a procedure called Ziegler-Natta Polymerization.Water Water has th e chemical equation H2O. It covers 71% of the earths surface. It is in liquid form at standard pressure and temperature. Water is also a indispensability of all biotic forms in the earth. Water moves continually through the water cycle.Sewage Water Sewage water is carried waste in the form of solution or suspension. It is from mans waste from his day-by-day activities. Classes of sewage include sanitary, commercial, industrial, agricultural and surface runoff. The wastewater from residences and institutions, carrying body wastes (primarily feces, urine and semen), washing water, food supplying wastes, laundry wastes, and other waste products of normal living, are classed as domestic or sanitary sewage. Liquid-carried wastes from stores and utility establishments serving the immediate community, termed commercial wastes, are included in the sanitary or domestic sewage category if their characteristics are similar to household flows. Wastes that result from an industrial process o r the production or manufacture of goods are classed as industrial wastewater. Their flows and strengths are usually more varied, intense, and concentrated than those of sanitary sewage. pop out runoff, also known as storm flow or overland flow, is that portion of precipitation that runs quick over the ground surface to a defined channel. Precipitation absorbs gases and particulates from the atmosphere, dissolves and leaches materials from vegetation and soil, suspends matter from the land, washes spills and debris from urban streets and highways, and carries all these pollutants as wastes in its flow to a collection point.Bacteria Bacteria are from the nation of Prokaryotes. They are very abundant in the earth and are one of the very first purport forms to exist. Usually a few millimetres long and are spherical, rod or spiral in form. They may be found in almost every habitat. They play a big role in recycling nutrients like in the conversion of compounds and in the fixation of nitrogen. These bacteria can adapt to environmental conditions very well and survive wherever they are placed.CHAPTER III- MATERIALS AND METHODSIn making this experiment, the researchers must prepare the avocation materials the sample bottle must be prepared for the collection of sewage water. It has to be properly label to avoid misuse/confusion. The researchers will get the plastic films from a plastic processor and distributor. The next move would be with a help of a certified scientist. In the isolation of the bacteria, either way for a dilute sample such as water you would probably have to concentrate the sample. It is go around to have a few liters of sample. First filter out the particulate matter with a 20 uM filter, then you can use water sampling nitrocellulose filter disc of 0.2 um. This probably needs a vacuum pump to draw the water through. You can then rinse this disc or swob it with a moist swab and use a series of dilutions to inoculate agar plates. Take a 10 ul drop and spread it out over the agar plate using a sterilized spreader. The agar i use for water samples is mostly very dilute in nutrients so that I do not have an overgrowth of one type of bacteria. I have used 1/5th strength nutrient agar, that is the nutrients do not dilute the agar strength. There are a whole variety of water based agars but the ISP2 media diluted to 1/4 strength was one of the best.. You can also take around of the waste water and filter it and use it for making wastewater agar to see if this will produce any colonies or try adding a very nonaged amount of diluted nutrients. As above you can also use a host of symptomatic agars to see if there are any particular groups of organisms in the water. Another factor is the temperature of incubation. This is probably the best temperature to isolate the most organisms. Use room temperature incubation or 10C incubation to isolate the widest variety of organisms. If you use 37C you will probably only select out a few organisms. The researchers may try some under anaerobic conditions also if they have anaerobic jars. Generally at low temperatures colonies might not develop for a few weeks, so after a day you might have to inclose your plates with parafilm or keep them in moist conditions to prevent them drying out.Flowchart

Lactic Acid And Fatigue Health And Social Care Essay

Lactic venereal infection And Fatigue Health And Social electric charge EssayA large portion of the population, including athletes and coaches in this current era still believes that the limitations of exercise writ of execution is let on-of-pocket to lactic acid build up causing degenerate. It is a stubborn myth that stood by means of the test of time. This is a relativelyold school of thoughtthat has its roots in the work of Fletcher K 1. Lactic acid was regarded as an end metabolite of glycolysis and elevates as an exercise intensify where oxygen availability decreases2.It was stand GA that started the Lactate revolution. He presented the feed shuttle hypothesis in his work in 19863. It was due to this hypothesis that scientists, even in present day, question the mechanisms of suckle or lactic acid in the embody and its involvement in devolve.This report will delve into studies deep down the recent decade, touching on conflicting ideas pertaining to lactic acid and it s involvement in fatigue. I will further break follow through lactic acid into its biochemical components, feed and hydrogen ion, and discuss studies which eat contradicting beliefs on these components implication with fatigue. Fin each(prenominal)y, I will highlight on recent articles that has even ch everyenged the underlying mechanism behind fatigue.Lactic Acid as a total?Lactic acid was considered a metabolic waste. It is a by-product of glycolysis in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. It was blamed for the burning sensation felt during and after performing a high military capability exercise which would then at last bring fatigue.However, the idea of lactic acid causing brawn fatigue has been challenged since the 1980s. For example, human deficient in the enzyme myophosphorylase showed faster massiveness fatigue eventhough they are incapable of breaking mow glycogen and accumulate lactic acid4. Studies on single muscle graphemes showed constant rate of fatigue ev enthough its pH was intentionally lowered5. It is seen today that many studies ware challenged one anothers idea. It is important to consider all options before finally cementuming a theory.Firstly, it would be unfair to blame lactic acid as a intact when it literally does not exist in this neutral construct6, 7. It expresses as hydrogen ions (H+) and lactate ions in the body 7, 8. some(prenominal) studies have and should continue separating these 2 entities and experimented on them separately to find its link with fatigue as either one, both or none of them could be the produce of fatigue.So is lactate the real culprit?It was persistent written in literature that lactate is known as a metabolic waste product. However, lactate is far from being a useless product. There has been growing number of evidence of the beneficial properties of lactate and this has tested the universality of the hypothesis linking muscular fatigue with lactate production.Lactate, being produced when gl ucose breaks down to pyruvate 9, allows continuation of glycolysis by generating the NAD+ needed in glycolysis10 thus preserving exercise writ of execution and ascertaining fatigue.With the presence of oxygen, lactate can be converted to pyruvate which could be converted to glucose. This process is called Cori cycle11. It can then be utilized or stored as glycogen, according to the bodys need at that point of time11. This makes lactate a good writer of energy.Lactate could be cleared by oxidation in the muscle fibre it was produced. Oxidation of that particular lactate could as well as happen in other muscle fibres as the lactate is being transported. Those lactate not oxidized will diffuse into the blood veins and transported to the liver12.Lactate is favoured by the brain and used extensively as a source of fuel13.Lactate was known to contribute to fatigue. Many studies nowadays shows otherwise, in fact, it has been studied that lactate may delay the onset of acidosis import antly via H+ reduction. In this review14 and study by Robergs R.A15 (supported by S.E Allen16), H+ were found to be carried out from cells by transporters and also be consumed by lactate. However, this statement has been challenged by Lindinger M.I., stating that Roberg ignored that lactate is an anion. Its growing would on that pointfore reduce Na anions and thus increase H+ to maintain electroneutrality7. Although Lindinger might be correct, there are more than studies supporting the opposite notion.A solid ground breaking revolution should march on when lactate is being administered to athletes via energy drinks, only many are still in the dark in recognizing lactates true potential. A study showed that lactate is utilized more efficiently with a greater goal compared to glucose or fructose and also enhances high intensity slaying17. To further add value to lactate, it is found that performance decrement has no correlation with lactate production18.It is clear from the li velong list of resources in literature that lactate is not a bad metabolic waste product and is actually beneficial in more ways than one, especially in delaying the onset of fatigue. Therefore, accusing lactic acid to be the culprit of fatigue would indirectly blame lactate, which is not acceptable when it is a beneficial component in exercise performance.So it must be AcidosisIt is clear among literature that acidosis has been under the limelight for causing fatigue. The lowering of pH in the muscle has been accused of causing the burning sensation and the decreasing muscle efficiency that comes with fatigue19. In 2003 a review by L. B. Gladden 20 states that RH Fitts 21has evidence of a whole list of experiments suggesting that acidosis can have veto detrimental effects on muscle function by 1-reducing the transition of the cross-bridge from the low- to the high-force state, 2-inhibiting maximal trim back velocity, 3-inhibiting myofibrillar ATPase, 4-inhibiting glycolytic rate, 5-reducing crossbridge activation by competitively inhibiting Ca2+binding to troponin C, and 6-reducing Ca2+re-uptake by inhibiting the sarcoplasmic ATPase (leading to subsequent reduction of Ca2+release).This may proceed contradicting as there are resources saying that acidosis do not motility fatigue. However, it is important to know that the experiments explained by RH Fitts21, are do in vitro and when the experiments are redone at temperature closer to those experienced physiologically, the said negative effect of acidosis diminishes20.In the recent years, experiments have been showing that acidosis has been far from being the cause of fatigue. Neilsen explained that muscle abridgment causes acidosis, outrage of intracellular K+ and extracellular K+ build up22. High extracellular K+leads to loss of contraction force therefore fatigue23. It was found that acidification nullify the effects of the extracellular K+ that are joined with fatigue22. This is further supported by other studies24-26 on the fact that acidosis has protective capabilities against muscle fatigue.Gathering all the resources, it would be safe and logical to say that since acidosis delays fatigue, alkalosis (the opposite of acidosis) should have an opposite effect thus cause fatigue faster. However, this was proven wrong in many studies 27-30. Taking time to look at the whole picture of the studies, studies regarding alkalosis were done as a whole body model experiment (in vivo). Looking back, the experiments done on acidosis were not done as a whole-body experiment. Instead, it was done on single muscle fibre in in vitro situations. Studies from the past showed that acidosis can contribute to fatigue in intact human body or animal 31-33. To integrate the studies from isolated muscle model with accordance to whole-body exercise, Cairns hypothesised that acidosis may improve performance in isolated muscle, high blood plasma acidosis may cause a reduction in central nervous systems dr ive to the muscle thus causing fatigue6.Another limitation that may attain experiments is that fast twitch muscles are more susceptible to acidosis6 therefore experiments on a single muscle fibre as seen in a lot of studies regarding acidosis, might not give an accurate holistic overview of the reaction of a whole muscular body. Also H+ might interact with other unnamed cellular changes in the body therefore slightly discrediting isolated muscle fibre experiments with comparison to whole body experiments.Overall, acidosis has been thought to be the main contributor to fatigue. However, recent studies in the last decade have been trying to contest the statement. In my whimsy, it is rather early to disregard acidosis as the cause of fatigue, as in vitro studies are only suggestive. Future studies should take into account acidosis as a whole body experiment (in vivo) where hormonal and other physiological interactions are possible.If there are claims of acidosis not causing fatigue, then what does cause fatigue?So in substitution of the uprising hypothesis that eminent H+ is not the main cause of fatigue, there have been many competitors to claim its place. Supported by a study, Westerblad have been claiming that inorganic phosphate has the main role in fatigue34. Inorganic phosphate increases as muscle is being promise and creatine phosphate is being broken down.However, a book by Fitts21 challenged Westerblads idea, highlighting several limitations concerning the inorganic phosphate hypothesis. He stated that the studies did not assess the holistic combination of the resultant effect of an elevated inorganic phosphate with low pH and low calcium ion release. Also the effects of acidosis on vertex power were not evaluated.Even Westerblad agreed that the study was done on a single muscle fibre and the result might be different when done with a whole model. He pointed out that studying on a single muscle fibre provides the most direct physiological responds when inquiring the cellular mechanisms of fatigue. Also, claiming that the The differences that inevitably must exist appear to be mainly of a quantitative nature34.I believe that it is still early to refute the idea of acidosis not causing to fatigue.In the case of studies on inorganic phosphate, its role in fatigue is still in an early stage and should not be dismissed as of yet. Several questions have yet to be answered. However, creatine phosphate is after all only involved in the first 10 seconds of an intense exercise therefore queries of its role extending within these 10 seconds are questionable.Other than phosphates, there have been a large number of studies22, 23 claiming potassium ions to be the main cause of fatigue. In this particular study by Cairns35, he states We hypothesize that during high-intensity exercise a rundown of the transsarcolemmal K+gradient is the dominant cellular process around which interactions with other ions and metabolites occur, thereby change to fatigue. The raised extracellular K+ causes a sarcolemmal depolarization, therefore disrupting the excitability of the muscle thus resulting in fatigue35.This is however contradictory to a previous study being done on rats36. In the study, it suggests that extracellular K+ is overhyped in previous studies on isolated muscles and that it is of less importance for fatigue.Overall, it is still hard to cement a theory as long as insufficient studies are done on whole intact animal models. This is however, being a case of isolated muscle studies versus in vivo studies. In my opinion applying Occams razor, acidosis should stay as the cause of fatigue unless proven otherwise with solid in vivo studies.ConclusionSo to go back to the age old question, does lactic acid cause fatigue?It is important to record that lactic acid disassociates to lactate and H+ ions, each with its own characteristics and interactions with the body therefore it needs to be addressed separately. Taking lactic a cid as a whole and blaming it would be unjust and inaccurate. As of recent time, it will take time and effort to disprove acidosis as the cause of fatigue as many studies were done in vitro and results only suggest possible mechanism in the human body. I do however believe that there is no one main mechanism causing fatigue, it is however a collective effort of different mechanisms, few of which are possibly phosphate and extracellular K+, that contribute to fatigue.As of now, lactate is a good byproduct and acidosis still remains the main cause of fatigue.

Permodalan Nasional Berhad Is The Second Largest Shareholder Marketing Essay

Permodalan Nasional Berhad Is The Second Largest Sh beholder Marketing EssayTo develop, produce and merchandise a broad err of reliable, inhering and nutritious dairy mathematical ingatherings that contribute to wellbeing and vitality of life.To recognize that know-how, theatrical role, dedication and leadership of our employees atomic number 18 the most tout ensemble important(p) assets to achieve our orchestrates.For generations, Dutch brothel haveer milk Industries principal rail line is to supplying fiber dairy and baby nutrition products to the nation. Today Dutch chick ranks among the top three dairy producers in Malaysia. Generations of Malaysians have grown up on Dutch Lady dairy products. While Dutch Lady first established itself as a manufacturer of sweetened condensed milk, Dutch Lady Milk Industries extensive product range now spans from infant decree and growing up milk to fruit juice and yogurt snacks. E precise product innovation that rapidly develops infant and child shapeula range is backed by extensive research both topic aloney and internation eachy.DLMI is the largest getr of topical anaesthetic fresh milk from the Veterinary Services Department. It excessively supports topical anaesthetic industries by apply a substantial amount of local ingredients such as palm oil and sugar in its products. The quality of the Companys products is paramount. Quality Control and Quality Assurance be prime considerations. In dividing line with this, the Company has continually been accredited with ISO 9001 certification since 1995. Strong emphasis is also placed on food safety with the implementation of HACCP (Hazard synopsis Critical Control Point) System to cover all its plants. Since it commenced manufacturing in 1963, DLMI has steady expanded its operations in Malaysia. Its chilled plant is champion of the most advanced(a) in South East Asia. partitioning 2.0 BUSINESS OVERVIEW propose 1 Total merchandise for Chilled perso nal line of credit1 pedigree DLMI (2009)As furnishn in Figure 1, the total chilled (total of take in yogurt, yoghurt drink and cultured milk) market is brassatically growing but at a very slow rate. T herefore, Dutch Lady is hoping to play a role in growing this respite market where most players neglect. From a recent study done by a third party, consumers nowadays are vey health conscious and are ready to take up anything that could help benefit their health. This is specially stabilizing with the females growing interest in getting slim through with(predicate) transaction or daily intake of nutritious yoghurt.Figure 2 Chilled credit line Volume Percent fester Share by Players2Source ACNielsen Malaysia (2009)DLMI is currently at third position in enclosures of percentage volume constituent for chilled business in comparison to Msia Milk, the market leader and Nestle at second. This is receivable to DLMIs limited chilled product line. MSia Milk, though only provides F resh and paltry Fat Milk, their best seller are the 2 Litres package size of it and therefore, in terms of volume and value they are still the market leader. Nestle on the opposite hand offers a wider chilled product line by offering yoghurt, yoghurt drinks and cultured milk. These are the plausible reasons for DLMI inability to capture a cosmicger market size because it neither produces 2 Litre package size milk not does it offers cultured milk as part of its chilled product line.Currently, the market is desperate for some product zeal and flavours. This could provide DLMI the opportunity to capture the market through calculate groups and segmentation of the market which will be discussed later in the other sections. Moreover, by collecting enough information of the potency disciplines, DLMI could use the trade mix to help boost their gross gross sales and have a larger consumer base for the chilled market. In order to gel all these ideas into possible actions, the pre cedent would like to propose a bold move into introducing the Tropicana purport for all range and pack size for both yoghurt and drinking yoghurt. This Tropicana flavor will definitely draw attention and gain a tonic group of consumers. Plus no other competitor products have aim out with such thrilling flavor, therefore these would definitely appeal to those whom are bored of the old traditional flavours and are smell for raw range of stimulation for their taste buds.SECTION 3.0 TARGET MARKETFigure 3 gross sales Review for Chilled Product by Chain3Source BW (2009)As depict in Figure 3, fiend chain supermarket is the one with the highest sales value growth for chilled business and Tesco at second place. Hence, DLMI could organise the consumers from both these chains as the trend that can be seen here is that consumers prefer to purchase chilled products at chain supermarkets with warehouse concept. Giant and Tesco are typically a supermarket that builds on purchasing at bulk to keep the selling price as low as possible to describe consumers that are looking for supplies at below average market price. Consumers that purchase at Tesco and Giant are generally from the middle income group and form the Malay ethnic group as the main followed by Chinese ethnic as shown in Figure 4. For that reason, we could factor in these as part of the target group for the juvenile Tropicana flavor.Figure 4 Sales Review for Chilled Product by Chain4Source Dunnhumby (2009)Presently, DLMI demarcation of range is by Central (Seremban, Pahang, Klang, Kajang, Petaling Jaya) East Coast (Kota Bahru, Kuantan) North (Perak, Penang, Kedah, Perlis) South (Melaka, Batu Pahat, Johor Bahru) Sabah and Sarawak. And as shown in Figure 5, the AMS for Central seems to be the most promising area of development followed by South and then North. Therefore, it is safe to conclude that consumers at more developed areas are more particular towards living a ruddy lifestyle.Figure 5 Average Mont hly Sales of Chilled Business by Area5Source BW (2009)Therefore, the target market that DLMI is looking at to grow their chilled market consider is through three divers(prenominal) target groupsMiddle income group which frequent hypermarkets or supermarkets at central, in the south and north region with basket size of active RM35 to RM40 per visitTeenagers age 35 and below whom are at the launch of their career and tends to emphazise slimming and natural beautyAdults age 35 and above whom are more health concious towards living a giganticer healthy life.Since yoghurts and yoghurt drinks are sort as convenience products as it is bought frequently and immediately at fairly low price with many point of sales, it is therefore considered a authority market which DLMI would like to nurture in hope that they could construct a loyal customer base as a platform for prospective consumers while at the same time educating these consumers about the importance of eating and staying healt hy. The Tropicana flavour would be able to cater to these group of health concious consumers because it is bounteous in nutrients from all the mix tropical fruits.SECTION 4.0 gigantic confines AND SHORT TERM GOALSSHORT TERMChilled products are very restricted on advancements, therefore for the short term goal, DLMI hope to successfully hightail it all advances planned throughout the year as depicted in Table 2. The selections of the promotion are during spanking seasons where consumers are more probably to spend more. The author is hoping to be a trend setter using these promotion plans by encouraging consumers to purchase more yoghurt drinks and yoghurt as a festive item instead of just a convenience product. That is the very reason why most of the promotions for the chilled products are conducted during festive seasons and national fairs.Table 2 progress Plan for Chilled Products6Source DLMI (2009)LONG TERMIn the long term however, DLMI is hoping to be able to intone the position further if the initial establishment succeed. These are the few long term actions that DLMI could considerFocus on key outlets with key SKUs leaning of only the top flavoursOperation support from chain supermarket to build business furtherConduct cross promo with any value added product seize additional space for greater visibilityImplementation of segmentation match to agreed planogramImplement trade schemes to drive distributionMount activities to replace competitor usersPromotional activities to reward loyal usersInduce trial through giving out free sample pack size.These long term plan are also meant to be continuously conducted throughout apiece year to secure the share of business in the chilled market.SECTION 5.0 merchandising STRATEGIESFigure 6 Marketing Above The Line 360 Activation7Source DLMI (2009)DLMI 360 activation plan is one form of marketing strategy to create brand awareness and ideally brand preference among existing consumers and perchance impertin ent users who will prefer a smart sort of enkindle taste. The awareness campaign will touch on all forms of media from online publicize to advertising on the shelf itself to news and ads.ADVERTISINGDLMI will straddle out a coordinated advertising campaign to emphasize the pursuit pointsDutch Lady yoghurt is getting better, with a new and refurbished new equatorial flavor.DLMI could consider using print and broadcast ads in women-oriented mediums several(prenominal) weeks before the new introduction of products to inform people of how healthy is Dutch Ladys yoghurt and changing to meet their needs. Billboards, television, radio, and display signs will be special vehicles for this. About two weeks before introduction, our ads will channel from stressing our company watch to stressing product line imaging.DLMI will also run specific ads the Tropical flavor product stressing its benefits to the consumers. This specific part of the campaign will to begin with use magazines, rad io, and other mediums targeted at the under 25 aged crowd. aft(prenominal) product introduction, will run advertising to persuade and remind consumers of our new products.There will be a customized advertisement of the video which shows the new Tropical flavor with a silent background to serve the product tagline.PUBLIC RELATIONSDLMI will pursue the following public relations oriented programsDLMI will put together a press rig showing LO originals commitment to grow and serve the Dutch market. We will overwhelm key facts including our additions to the employment rolls and charitable contributions.We will look to host and/or sponsor events that appeal to our target markets. For our more mature audience with change magnitude dispensable income, we will sponsor a Women in Business seminar. Women in key roles as models or local actresses can be presenters. For those women at home, we will look into sponsoring events that will appeal more to them something along the lines of a home and/or garden show and conventional housewives will be chosen as the product ambassador.We also are excited about creating Health Shows geared towards the younger and first time consumers. The Shows will strain on education of terms, etc. and actual hands-on training. They can be arranged on a small scale, e.g. a booth at a mall, to a larger event at a local hall with many booths.We will donate a portion of sales of the new Tropical flavour towards slimming research. This will be displayed on all advertisements associated with the new flavour product.PRODUCT TAGLINETHE TROPICAL SILENCE THAT BRINGS HARMONY TO YOUR healthPRODUCT VIDEO* Please refer to attached flash video*SECTION 6.0 SITUATION ANALYSESGIANT S.W.O.T. ANALYSESGIANTCUSTOMER GIANT violenceSimpuissanceCHANELHypermarket encompassing distribution network with high number of throw ins. (Total 110 outlets, EM 10 outlets and PM 91 outlets)Giant operation team welcome in-store approaches on tactical promotions (priority giv en to top suppliers)Store layout with event area for in-store activities spot allocation for activities at Kids Playground.Issues at HQ-No yearly promotion calendar to be furnished to suppliers for promotion planning.No full assure over space allocation at store direct for promotions view sales data provided to Category Captain limited to 7 Hypermarkets.No standard concept for HS display at CS/Supermarkets due to no plan-o-gram design for these channels.Plan-o-gram of stores is sometimes influenced by competitorIssues at DC-No system to measure on-time delivery to stores.Weakness of delivery window to stores (too big gap from date of orders receipt to delivery that cause stock issues at store level.Capacity issue to manage high stock system of weights/turnover.Issues at Store Level-Some of the store buyers are wish of understanding of internal SOP and not discipline in rules of order - lead to replenishment issues at store level.Service problems of Chilled vendors to superma rkets/CSSupermarket polar retentivityGIANTCUSTOMER GIANTOPPORTUNITIESTHREATSCHANELHypermarkets low-spirited store productivity due to issues at DC and store level.Store expansion (5 hypermarkets 10 supermarkets) vocalise forecast with Giant in order to have smooth occupation to stores and improve forecast accuracy.Nestle is given priority by DC on storage and delivery to outlets (due to top-to-top agreement on sales target and incentives).Consistency in stock deliveries of competitors that helped their AV at store level and promotion execution.SupermarketSOS improvement by initiating plan-o-gram for CS/ Supermarkets and influence store buyers to allot more SOS to DL products.Customised promotion for Supermarkets/CS that has different shopper profile.Cold StorageGIANTDLMI IN CUSTOMER (GIANT)DLMI VS COMPETITIONSTRENGTHWEAKNESSOPPORTUNITIESTHREATSCATEGORIESChilledWe are No. 3 suppliers in Chilled home after Cotra and FN.Strong brand equity.We are lack of reduce in Chilled compar ed to Ambient and no creativity in promotion activity.Our facing is less(prenominal) prominent compared to competitors.According to Giant CM, shopper behaviour is trending towards bulk purchase in chilled category.Customized promotion in Giant to associate DLMI image of dairy secureCompetitors (Cotra and Nestle) are dominant in this category.RTEWe are No. 2 supplier in this category after Nestle.We are offered lower molding to Giant compared to other suppliers.Multipack promotion (Buy 4 at RMxx) to encourage bulk purchase. miniskirt road show for LF RTE and DKY in order to bring new excitement to shoppers.Stiff competition from Nestle-60% contribution to total salesDeep pocket and react fast to competition.Category captain.Dominant SOS at store level.Shine DKYContinual innovation from DLMI who has bullnecked market share in DKY segment.Creative to bring new things to shoppers,Lack of communication for benefits of putting green tea extract to the shoppers although its one of the key selling points.Based on TNS research, we are strong in retail chain with high % of Chinese compared to those with high % of Malay (i.e. Giant).Lack of margin to retailer (as above for RTE). communication of product benefits via sampling at selected stores.Giant has the right shopper profile for flame to build a bigger consumer base.Promotion differentiation (i.e. TP FOC premium) to target Giants shoppers (Based on TNS research, promotion with premium giveaway is proven effective in this category).Customized promotion for CS that captured the target shoppers.Explore TP/Triple packs promo to increase volume.Road show to create awareness and enhance communication to the target shoppers.TESCO S.W.O.T. ANALYSESTESCOCUSTOMER TESCOSTRENGTHWEAKNESSOPPORTUNITIESTHREATSCHANELHypermarketTesco is well-positioned for further growth to be No. 1 Retailer confine products range offer to customers as Tescos selection on high quality products, good turnover brands and high profit margin.Strong expansion with 10 outlets opening (5 in Q2-Q3 2 in Q4)No full get the hang and influence over space allocation as category captain. capacity in supply chain management and strength. Centralized system in Tesco that facilitates its EDLC operating model whilst building service levels.Tescos regulation leads to inflexibility in execution such as no premium, no cross-category promo etc.With the intensity of operating system and supply chain in Tesco to drive efficiency and improve stock turn ratios. Joint forecast is required especially during promotion to maximize the sales opportunity.Tesco is a value-led retailer its pricing indemnity is to be the right price on all comparable products versus the bench mark and to be the best value retailer.Tescos ability to gain customer insight, coiffure robust customer segmentation and deliver personalized marketing communication from its Club card loyaltyFacing difficulties on stocks replenishment to be influenced at store level as store b uyers are very dependent on system.The shopper behaviour insight gained from Tescos loyalty card data is currently used by Tesco in strategic decision-making, and to drive promotional activityTesco has developed great expertise in private denounce development, and enable it to differentiate its offer from its competitors, build brand loyalty, grow margin and demonstrate both price and quality credentials.With the strong operating system and strategy having by Tesco, strong influence position from HQ to store level on execution and operation issue to leads the smooth sufficeHave long term initiatives calendar plan (12 month cast initiatives calendar) in order to work closely with Tesco (eg, PG, Nestle and Dumex)Tesco is growing sharp to become big player in the retail market and it has market leading position which empowered them to have better negotiation power and demand against suppliers.PRODUCT COMPETITION ANALYSESTypeDLMI Chilled ProductsCompeting ProductsEating YoghurtLow F atNestle Fat Free, Marigold 0% Fat, FN Alive, Private adjudicate swallow YoghurtLow Fat SHINENestle Bliss, Sunglo Lassi, Private LabelSECTION 7.0 ACTION PLAN / IMPLEMENTATIONObjectiveTo be the strong No 2 position in the chilled marketSelected strategyTo focus on major promotion with 3 major fair and to go in in milk campaignActionWhoBy WhenResourcesMeasuresTo maintain at least 3 times promotionKAM TMMac, July NovMktgIncremental of 80% 90%To participate in 3 major fair Milk For Life campaignKAM TMJunMktgAnniversary Milk For Life Campaign. Promotion generates about 200-400% growth, approx RM 700kTo explore carton salesKAMQuarterlyTM Mktg peculiarly on RTE and DKYTo create customized packKAMJunTM MktgEspecially on RTE and DKYSECTION 8.0 CONCLUSIONSTo conclude, even though chilled category is still at its infancy stage, the potential to grow is there. More and more Malaysians are becoming more health conscious and they are constantly looking for new exciting reasons for them to hold open staying healthy. Other than that, Malaysians also tend to only buy chilled products only during promotions periods or when and as needed. Therefore such a mindset should be change and Dutch Lady should be a trend setter for such changes to happen. The proposed of this new flavor is also an opportunity for DLMI to open a new window to educate the consumers that besides exercising, the only way to stay healthy is to eat and drink healthy too. The author would again reiterate that all data provided are drilled solely by the author alone. The sources of the data taken are from the programmes and third party software that capture real life scan sales data and consumer off take.