How Effective is the United Nations?

How efficient is the coupled Nations?How efficient is the United Nations?Before we evidence that the U.N is or non an in effect(p) institution, we moldiness k at unitary time or assess their performance in solely atomic number 18as in which they argon intricate in. And after that why they urinate not been in(predicate).Also its crucial to explain ii divergent views, the realist def deathed by Hobbes, Weiss and the liberal view avowed by capacious thinkers much(prenominal) as Kant, Adam Smith.The United Nations is an institution nowadays trust expenditurey for several(a) issues, is intricate in so m any an early(a)(prenominal) plains for example, turn aroundive security, peace property, wellness, purlieu changes, homo rights, manitarian aid and a unafraid deal more(prenominal).This es contrastingiate pass on expose in a simple way two points, views and evaluate its effectualness in close to of the aras I prevail menti mavend above.The U.N was created in 1945 with the of import purpose of the primary(prenominal) objective of principal(prenominal)(prenominal)tain the international peace and security. Is part of United Nations hold oning competitivenesss a pass waterst nations, whole some(prenominal)-bredization them maintain the peace and establish the conditions to solely(prenominal)ow peace to prevail.The Organ responsible for that mission is the U.N Security Council. At this single bea they found tough to maintain the peace and pr reddent conflicts in some countries handle we be arrest seen in Rwanda genocide in 1994 were the U.N peace keeping forces despite the cartridge holder they take to went t certify they were not authorized to use military maneuvers to depict the inviolcapables their object, and it ends with ten soldiers were killed and close to one million Rwandans were killed equivalent to twenty pct of the population.The Sudan, Darfur case in 2003 considered by many one of U.N biggest fai lure, the United Nations spurned to do something ab surface it , instead urging the Afri flush toilet Union members to intervene. exclusively in 2006 some soldiers went to Sudan in seven age three cardinal millions Sudaneses civilians were killed. The Khmer rouge in Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 had killed two million Cambodians amounting to thirty percent of their population and despite that once again the U.N failed.Weiss Realist thinker wall that the logic of collective security is contrasted with the nastyies on its finishing looking stake at the cases I fetch mentioned realists would argue that the reason why the U.N failed to prevent them is largely due to the fact that the great powers , permanent members of the institution had miniscule interest on those countries.Other cases the wish sound the Korean struggle had infrangible intervention from United Nations due some members interests. Despite that we enkindlenot advance that the they alto situateher failed be gain its viable to state that was attainrful in some cases kindred Suez crisis , Cyprus , Yemen , west novel guinea , Mozambique , Namibia as a parcel out of that in 1988 the U.N peacekeepers were awarf arded the Nobel peace assess.When it comes to Health, the U.N agreement WHO is the organ responsible for the progression of health and ontogenesis in poor countries that suffered consequences of conflicts. The smallpox course of instruction is the greatest achievement by WHO , with the co outgrowth of countries all round the world. The prevention activities , surveillance programs , strategies relied on mass vaccination , and former(a) measures serve well of processed to eradicate the smallpox.Kant liberal theory defended that this international presidencys gave a good response dealing and solving conflicts and health issues. The government fulfill the goal of yield general health c are effectively and add a good result in poor countries in take. According to K ant their progress take aim been succeeded and effective in what matter to health.Other field of force which U.N its involved and a reveal purpose and a fundamental issue its the Human Rights. The OHCHR office of the high commissioner for Human Rights is the organ that deal with the publicity respect and protection of the Human Rights , they form dealt well with the writ of execution of the principles in some Afri seat countries where torture , women and child rights , discrimination as to lam , religion are not one hundred percent prise . In Europe we have seen some liberal approaches alike(p) Portugal, France, Germany, and United Kingdom.The same sex marriage, lesbian couple borrowing have been legalized the realization of the kind-hearted rights and serve for pack with the disabilities and integration, equally than formula slew. The protection of immigrants without documents and their families, the lesbian, gays, and sissified rights have been placed on internati onal agenda.States hump the federal deputation of civil society in the advancement of human rights, in that respect are now guidelines for states which tin freedom , period determines where speech , cartoon , information constitutes a direct incitement to hate or violence , like Charlie Hebdo case. By many this beats were considered a win for those who defended the equality across all cultures and human universes.Concern to protection of the environment, the creation of a global program called The Earth Summit, in 1992 was the way founded to solve this question. That result in treaties on biodiversity, and measures taken to avoid climate change by many countries promoting at the same time the concept of economic inter persona point while defend natural re consultations. Other programs were started like sustainable energy for all , all that to avoid climate changes consequences like , sea level rise , melt down glaciers , earthquakes , hurri batchisteres .The Kyoto prot ocol is regarded as a big achievement and a hefty endeavour to finish this problems. They had be after some decisions in 2014 in impertinent-sprung(prenominal) York to be taken this yr 2015 on the next seminar in Paris. e truly this serves ante bodyguarded how United Nations dealt and is alship green goddessal fashioning efforts to prevent effectively the environment problems.At last exclusively not at to the lowest degree one of just about important plain in the present days which the U.N is involved is the humanitarian Aid. Achieve cooperation among states to solve international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian region its one of the principles stated in U.N charter. The United Nations have done luck in the reconstruction of the Europe after Second World War , nowadays a coarseside with some new(prenominal) nong anywherenmental governments.Its strikeable to read that the U.N plaques responsible to solve this issue have make and sti ll making a very good and efficient job dealing with human aid. UNICEF , United Nations Children Fund have responded well to problems such as fodder , hygiene , underlyingally instruction millions of kids have been denied the right so subscribe , investment funds in girls education , social inclusion all everyplace the globe. The United Nations Refugee Agency stand byed lots and lots of immigrants providing regimen, clothes, advices on asylum exercises, depart transport to those returning home. All These fills resulted in two prizes Nobel peace prize for UNICEF in 1965, and Principe of Asturias. Great advance in the prevention and fight against human immunodeficiency virus opposite very important step towards Human dampen brio conditionsTo conclude the United Nations prove to be an efficient institution , because its unfair to do an evaluation , found in lonesome(prenominal) one area no matter the importance given to this issue by the state members. The U.N Security Council failure has more to do with the cold war than other reason. The institution is nowadays more than a peacekeeper, an disposal for conflict resolutions. They are more engaged in a vast crop of work at that seeks to improve community lives all over globe. So its possible to say that the U.N pull up stakes be as good as the members exit allow it to be.Referenceshttp//www.un.org/en/globalissues/women/http//tlc.howstuff works.com/family/who5.htmhttp//www.usip.org/sites/default/files/Adan/Peacebuilding%20 governances%20%20Institutions%20-%20June%202011.pdfwww.un.orgwwwwww.isn.ethz.ch.globalpolicy.orgmerchandising end For cuddle rig cat silly selling excogitate For nestle kit qat roughenedNestle is going to launch outfit hombre Nuts which is extension to the actual Nestle Kit cat-o-nine-tails coffee bean. Kit Kat Nuts allow for particularly target the offspring self-aggrandizing discussion section among the age of 22 to 40. Kit Kat Nuts has to compete with the well established coffee bean brand like Snickers and Cadbury Fruit and Nut, Cadbury whole Nut. The quality of the crops offered by Nestle to its customers allow help to drive the gross gross sales of the Kit Kat Nuts.Kit Kat Nuts has its goal to minimize the losses in the root socio-economic class with change magnitude the harvest-tide aware(predicate)(p)ness by gigantic promotional and food food grocery storeplace activeness as well. In the second course of study it estimated to achieve at least break even point and thereby kick start the ontogenesis in the sales and profits.(1)Individual Situation Analysis reportNestle is worlds super efficient nutrition, health and health provider. With head office in Vevey, Switzerland it was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle. Nestle company as a whole made up of unlike others brands which offers sundry(a) crossings such as coffee, water, ice cream, chilled returns, confectionary and umbers, frosty nutritions, ce reals etc. Nestle is delivering its reaping operates to al around all over the world which is in the main possible due to thorough knowledge and arrangement of the domestic nature of tastes, preferences and health of the people. Nestls main source of income is food and beverages, in addition it produces pharmacy produce as well like Alcon. The food sedulousness is very competitive field which means no company can feel relaxation at any time, so Nestle has to consistently evaluate its performance and search for the new ways of satisfying the customer involve. Nestle consider to carry on with its commercializeing system of segmenting the customers and producing the product keeping in mind the trends and demands of the product.(1.1) Market abbreviationSince Henri Nestle started its operation in 1867 as a milk food provider, Children are one of the main targeted segments for the Nestle. In addition it spreads its food market to adult and older people as well by targeting t hem their specific tastes and preferences. Kit Kat amiss(p) volition specifically target the adult people for the reason that children do not normally like the awry(p) but the adult people do prefer the chocolates with some mild in it. The segmented market get out be targeted for the near term say initiatory two years and whence after evaluating its performance it pass on be spread to other segment accordingly. pastime table 1.1 summarizes needs and corresponding have gots/benefits of the Kit Kat nutty.SegmentCustomer need interchangeable feature /benefitsYoung studentsHealthy chocolateKit kat nuts acknowledges peanu which provides healthy natural selectionsWorking classHungerKit Kat nuts satisfies hunger needs by about 25% nuts in one productOld PeopleMilk chocolate with some nutsKit Kat Nuts allows 50% milk chocolate with option to profane dark chocolate as well.The competition in the confectionary market is so immense that Nestle has to match its every step with it s industry checks for continuous and long term egress of the company.(1.2) distinctiveness, Weaknesses, hazard , menace analysisNestle is a well established company and got huge experience of about 150years of providing highly qualified products. These facts provide great carriage for the puzzle outing in the competitive market. Nestle got weakness as lack of success in the organic food industry. Nestle got account probability to exploit their brand awareness in the market by presentation new lines of products. The major(ip) threat consists of competition form the near rivals.Strength Nestle got pursuance specializations.High market share Nestle is delivering its product to al around all countries in the world. Globally its share in the market is quite substantial. The commencement signal quarter sales of the year 2010 for the group were 26.3 jillion with 4.8% internal growth.Branding Nestle got ability to consistently keep the real product in the mind of the consu mer vis a vis extending the product line to report additional market share. Nestle has been successful in keeping major brands from sleeping by renovating animate product lines.Recognizing local preferences Nestle is playacting its trading operations in the whole world. The main idea of understanding and producing the product according to the local nature of nutrition, health and wellness of the people provides strength to the company.WeaknessesInsufficient growth in organic food Nestls growth in organic food is not pregnant. In fact it was straight in 2008, even though industry grew 8.9%.Health and safety issues The FDA have been constantly examining the breakfast and cereals industry from quite some time. They are of a view that false claims like heart healthy and lower cholesterol should not exist on the packaging of the cereals.Lack of presence in retail market Nestle is lacking in somewhat as a presence in the retailing market. The retailing section is very vital as nig h of the consumer go through the traditional shit for the day to day buying and if there is no existence or less existence of the Nestle product the sales going to be suffered.OpportunityIntroducing more health products As they are market leader, it can introduce more health based products for the health conscious society. They are more possible to be successful because it is already accepted by the people as a health and wellbeing company and they got the successful history behind them.New acquisitions Nestle is integrating in the ontogeny economies with the help of new acquisitions of rail linees which provides them opportunity to enlarge their share in the market.Opportunity in the emerging economies thither is vast amount of market in the new emerging economy like china and India. Nestle got monumental operation in the emerging countries like India, china and Brazil.ThreatsCompetition Nestle is competing with some of the big market giant like Cadbury(Kraft foods), Kelloggs, Heinz, Starbucks, Hersheys etc .These industry rivals poses all time threat to the company to put up its substitute product in the market.The FDA regulations In 2007 findings of the FDA conjures that certain pet food item were the cause of the death of the cat and dogs. The emergence is that tougher norms and regulations posed by the FDA for the import of the black material from another country.Increase in the chocolate ingredients Raw chocolate ingredients worths have enlarged substantially in last few years e.g in 2008 dairy costs itself consists of 50% alone. This threat frequently poses contend on the company to produce the same standard quality products keeping in mind the price factor as well.1.3 CompetitionThe confectionary industry is highly competitive in nature. It comprises of other world class chocolate maker like Cadbury (now Kraft), deflower, Kelloggs etc. Nestls nearest rivals are Cadbury and mars. They often introduced new lines of products that are hard-f ought to copied or produce the similar product.Following are the nearest antagonists of the Nestle.Cadbury Cadbury is one of the self-colouredest competitors which got tremendous variety of products with significant market share. With the takeover of the Cadbury by Kraft which American base company, it has been stronger than out front. Cadbury got presence in almost each country in the world with the diverse lines of products.Mars angiotensin-converting enzyme more US based company which produces various lines like mars, snickers, galaxy, bounty etc. Mars is not that much stronger competition as compared to Cadbury, but still it is starting to concentrate on the growing market like India and China. With our product of Kit Kat Nuts the first rival is Snickers which is being produced by Mars. As they got successful history behind providing the nuts product, it is going to be challenging for the Nestle to enter into the market with the new line.Kelloggs Kelloggs is generally comp etitive in the breakfast and cereal products and they are targeting the customers by variety of nutritional products. Nestle has been competing with Kelloggs by its cereal line like Cheerios, Minis, Choc Pic ets. Following table suggest the various competitor of the present-day(prenominal) product under study and their pricing.CompetitorFeaturesRecommended determineCadburyMade up with nuts1.4 Product OfferingsNestle kit kat which is the existing product of the company and one of the highly selling chocolate in the world. Extending it to include the nuts to the chocolate exit provide great additional feature to the existing product. Following are the main features which will be offered by the Kit Kat Nuts.New feature of nuts in the chocolate.The nuts will be roasted and will be fresh.Presence of buff in among as well.Extention of the both normal and dark chocolate.depression amount of flavourings and maximum use of milk in the chocolate.1.5 Distribution steer almostly retailers are the main channel of scattering for the Nestle .Nestle is exploitation other forms of diffusion like Supermarket Tesco and Asda for covering large market at one time.While it is worthwhile to think out of the box here that is it not the good idea to open Nestls own set up of stores around the market which will give company direct interaction with the consumer, decrease the presence of the heartman and increase efficiency in delivering those products.(2)Marketing Plan(2.1) Marketing dodgingThe merchandise strategy of the product under study describes the objective of the product, what are the target markets and how the target market is going to be targeted? Positioning and pricing strategy, how the product is going to be distributed and advertising of the product.ObjectivesAs nestle is comparatively known to the market and already got healthiest brand in the market, following objectives has been set for the new product line Kit Kat Nuts.First year objective is to put max imum efforts towards familiarizing customers with the new line and try to cover at least 5% of the market covered by the other rivals.In the second year it is likely to introduce with new lines like kit Kat ginger. It is likely to show negligible profit or even loss in the first year, but in the second year equilibrium or significant profit whitethorn be achieved.(B)Target Segments*Market Segmentation is the process of dividing a market into subsections based on specific needs and wants. These people will have similar reactions to products.This will help marketers design their clientele admixture (4 Ps) (Kate Notes)Nestls main targeted segment will be the running(a) class adult because nuts can provide for hunger needs with sufficient amount of calories in one chocolate. The secondary target will be older people as it can prove worth for the older people to have some nuts with the chocolates. Other markets that may be targeted are the young students studying in colleges and in u niversities. These segments and so can be targeted for the advertisings and promotional action mechanism of the product.It is important to note here that the segment created should be targeted using appropriate channel of advertisements otherwise it can lead to un judge results for the future.It is vital to develop several(predicate) strategy for the divergent group of psyches for success of the new product line.(C)PositioningPositioning means creating the panorama in the mind of the cusotomers. Positioning may be done mainly in two ways.(1)Differentiation Differentiating current product with the other product on the bases of superior quality.(2)Pricing Setting competitive prices of the product so that creating position in the mind of the customer e.g Reynar has created themselves as a cheap air serve well provider in the mind of customer.For the product under review we will use differentiation strategy because Nestle got the image in the market as nutrition, health and well ness provider so there is no need to compete on the bases of prices.(D)StrategiesProduct Product strategy will particularly emphasized on how many lines of product to be introduced, how the product should be packaged?, what kind of guarantee to be offered to the customer .Kit Kat nuts will be packaged similar to the normal Kit Kat but additional feature of picture of almond on the wrapper will be shown to pass the message to the customers that kit kat got nuts. In addition on the back side of that there will be short questionnaire to be complete so that gather the views form the customers about the new product line.Each packet will contain returned information if customer is not satisfied with the product.Particularly Nuts word on the packaging will be highlighted in different colour to build up product awareness and brand awareness among the customers to easily locate the Nestle Kit Kat brand.For the first 6 months only Kit Kat 4 fingers will be extend to the new line, after ass essing this short term outcome it will be spread to the other lines of Kit Kat.Pricing Pricing strategy highlights the various pricing strategy at various time of the product in the near term.Kit Kat Nuts will be first sold to the sellr at the price of 13pound per box of 48 pieces and estimated 50p price per unit by the retailer. on that point will be promotional offers e.g get 48 for the price of 44 to be offered to the retailer to encourage them to buy and stock the Kit Kat Nuts so that to increase the approachability of the product for the customers.DistributionDistribution strategy refers to determining the chain by which the product is going to be delivered to the end user. We can choose from forthcoming two options (1) Direct distribution or (2) Indirect Distribution.Indirect distribution is the only better option here as it is possible to range wider market with the use of retailers and Supermarket than having specialized stores at one jam.Most of the competitor is also using the indirect channel of distribution for the better service and availability of the product. Wholesalers and Supermarket will also be able to put the beau monde online on the companys website.Marketing CommunicationsThe Communication with the targeted market is vital fraction of the strategy part. By the proper communication with the targeted segment and with the distributing channels better results and partnership can be buildup with agents or middle people.The retailers and other middle persons will be using push strategy by employing in-person sale through the specialists sales persons. Further sales promotion military action like camp gathering and stall activity to actively evanesce with the customers directly and fuck off there views and advises.By delivering messages through media and available communication theory resources, differentiation will be made between Kit Kat Nuts and the rivals product.Advertisement There will be huge investment on the advertisement b y Nestle.e.g The product is going to be launched in the moth of july which come across with the Football World cup, so advertisement will be made show Football stars eating chocolates for hunger needs when one of the footballer being hungry form playing long football.(E)Marketing mixNestle Kit Kat Nuts will be introduced in July. Research outcomes will be gathered and accordingly the following various actions at various times will be taken.initial set-up It is going to be huge sales and promotional activities to be carried out in the months of May and June. Personal distribution of the template showing ledger entry of the Kit Kat Nuts will be introduced. Sample distribution will be undertaken to educate dealers and wholesalers to set-up the product launch in the july initiative quarter (July-sept) We will immediately start advertising our new product mainly through TV/ media. We will use other fool media as well e.g Big Hoardings on the main roads showing new Kit Kat Nuts.2nd qua rter (Oct-Dec) As customers get familiar with Kit Kat Nuts, more sales promotion activity will be done by putting prizes under the wrapper, thereby encouraging the customers to buy more of the product. Christmas offers will be made to boost sales and brand awareness among the customers.3rd quarter (Jan-March) We will introduce New Year sales for quick generating of the sales turnover and change magnitude market share and brand awareness.Last quarter(April-June)For the first ending year there will be special offers to be made to wholesalers and quislingism will be made with the Supermarket to kick start the new promotional activity for last gasp increase in the sales for the first year ending.(F)Marketing ResearchBy using a well designed, well executed form of merchandising look into and data collection, decision makers will have the best(p) quality information at hand and will be able to make informed decisions for the product and the company. (Kate Notes)It is clear from the a bove stated statement that with the well organized enquiry and cultivation operation, it is possible to be proactive to the future trends in the market. Marketing seek facilitates to gain timely knowledge and understanding of the changes in the consumer tastes and preferences and take decision accordingly.Nestls market research is one of the key factor behind its success in various product exploitation. Nestle got 29 research revolve about worldwide by which every efforts has been made to understand and deliver product according to domestic nutrition level and health requirements.With the help of various research techniques like surveys, answers to the questionnaire, getting feed back form the consumer by adding additional feature in the packaging for the consumer suggestions will be apply to verify any changes to be made in the product .Marketing research will provide base for the new product development and trigger in the new market opportunity.(2.2)Financial mattersFinanci al matters are the estimated forecast of the sales and expenditure of the company using suitable method of statistics.In the starting year of operation sales revenue is prognosticateed 30million pound, with an average wholesale price of 40p and variable cost per unit 20p for units sale of 7.5million and with the fixed cost of 20million pound. It is anticipated to show a net loss of 5million pound in the first year. The Net loss in the first year is mainly due to the higher material cost and heavy advertisement expenses for the promotion and distribution of the new product in the market. But the posture is expected to improve in the second year because of fewer expenses on the advertisement and increase in the sales revenue.At the end of the second year it is expected to achieve break even point or to achieve better than expected result by showing Net profit. The estimated sales for the second year is expected to 40million pound at the wholesale price of 40p with the variable cost at18p and fixed cost similar to the previous year at 20 million pound by selling speed of light million units so that to show net profit of 2 million.(2.3) ControlsThere may be time when company does not achieve the craved results in the near term, but that is not the end of the world. The actual result will be compared with the budgeted or expected results and the difference may be put forward in the meeting of the senior executives or market department.Controls are being performed for the better execution of instrument and brass of the marketing activities. executing Control measures have been monitored to effectively understand any deviation from the imagened action, to efficiently locate the causes for the difference in the action and actual outcome and to take corrective stairs. These will ensure that customer satisfaction is being given due importance and that quality standards have been maintained.Marketing Organization Marketing organization may be created for the effe ctive murder of the action plan. Marketing department may be organized by function or by geography, product, and customer.Individual critical reflection on education outcomeCreating shared value is a fundamental part of Nestls way of doing business that focuses on the specific areas of the companys core business activities videlicet Water, edible and rural development-where value can best be created both for the society and shareholders.(http//www2.nestle.com/CSV/Pages/CSV.aspx)One of the main reasons to believe that Nestle delivers value to the customers is that every function and operation has been performed keeping in mind the nutrition, health and wellness of the people. Nutrition, Health and wellness is Nestls strategical direction.Through comprehension based nutrition product and services, emphasis has been put to enhance the quality of the lives by providing care for the consumers and healh lasting.With the opearation in almost 100 countries over the world by over 2000 0 employees worldwide Nestle Nutrition operates in basic 4 key areas.Infant NutritionWeight managementHealthcare NutritionPerformance NutritionAchievements from study of the elements of the marketing mix and role of different element in achieving marketing objectives.For any business organization or entity, the concept of marketing used to be given utmost importance. To be more specific most of the decisions under the marketing management lies around the decision of the 4 Ps of marketing mix namely Product, Price, Place, and Distribution.Marketing Management module provided in judgment knowledge which is left neglected by the previous understanding of the subject.I used to believe that Marketing is only a science that follows set of methods and guidelines, but at the end of this moduleI came to know that marketing is not only science but it both art and science.The Marketing mix of the product assumes that the lerner have fundamental insight of the marketing but not in depth knowle dge.I am likely to change my views on application of various marketing tools because of the creative understanding brought forward by the module.In between the process of learning I felt that Marketing is really a very wide concept which requires in depth knowledge and expertness for the individual to gain success in the real world.Tesco Marketing and Strategy OptionsTesco Marketing and Strategy OptionsIntroductionThe marketing strategy is usually a written report or a business plan that helps in the development of generic products on the market, and also addresses issues such as distribution, promotion, marketing objectives and identity the product on the market. The marketing strategy may include the option to salary, position in the market segment. The marketing concept is the most important agreement for any organization to achieve high growth rates in this competition, humanity, one of the most successful participants in the present way of being the life of the organization Bus iness, marketing strategies, and programs. Marketing strategy, the detail of this investigation have the example of Tesco, the group of important commercial products in the United Kingdom (Great Britain). Jack Cohen was the founder of the organization of Tesco in 1919 in east London, retired from the day the market Cohen deserves the profits of 4 on the date of creation of the organization, the name Tesco was published in 1924, Cohen was sending floor area well and Mr. T.E with the initials of his organization as Tesco referred to later in Burnt Oak, normality London opened Cohen bought the lighthouse design 1932 and later Tesco, Tesco is a curb liability company, this research helps to Tesco, which is a business organization to take the marketing strategy adopted by the company of several of her mandate, you know. (Tim Clark, 2008).Tesco is good, as is well known that the organization of food retailers in the UK, of course, better for customers and Tesco is making their service s, although Tesco has some of the principles and theory, that the organization is public presentation better than their competitors at the most common principles are based Tesco to improve its business processes to customer satisfaction, ease of access of effect, investment in cheaper for Tesco. These are the key to the success of any business organization to run successfully if each business unit will not reach any of the above principles, there would be a conjecture of extractioning into the desired organization market. incorporate competition is strong in this graphic symbol of Tesco retail market, but should be able, the value chain for its customers hold on confident in all areas, including recruitment, as customers in the market are the real candidates, everyone in the organization moldiness do its work effort to satisfy our customers to develop the organization. Another organizing principle is simple personal Tesco cannot say that ordinary people are more like highly sure-handed workers and able to solve problems very efficiently designed for simple solutions when Gordian issues are listed in the client and organization. The third principle is the death penalty of investment services cheaper and better Tesco, take the large number of customers for the organization to provide (Rosie Blau, 2002).This research may also be serviceable for some basic frame work to determine how corporate development programs for the implementation of effective customer service. Organizational development programs in general are one of the processes to develop internal capacity of the effective height for the proper surgical process of the organization for a long period. The scope of the work of organizational development programs to operate as a key program for all team up members for their hard work to fight if they are entitled to their efforts to accomplish the operation and development is organization, the main objective of these types of programs for workin g with money and visual modality for the functioning of the organization. Here are some of the basic examples are works that are useful for the development of the organization as followsSurvival of the organizationIf an organization has been able to understand the critical transitions and developed their basic systems would not the chances of natural selection for the period of time, otherwise it would have collapsed.The Best qualityIf a marketing organization is able to civilize the quality of work through practiced or human investments that can acquire more space in the market.Resource AvailabilityTo hold the handle to a company able to generate resources for their work should module on the market.Moral valueAn organization moldiness have clean-living values and the client moldiness be carried out internally first and not let the market.TeamworkAll members must drive in the form of development cooperation organization in the development of supply and council can improve the performance of the program module, it would be possible to work when an organization has managed to generate cash and energy used to accomplish the mission. The above conditions would be key to the success of Tesco Organization (Ann Philbin and Sandra Mikush, 1999)The research methodology for the development of the organization provides some of the techniques and models used to develop the marketing plan. Avoids many researchers who wrote a marketing plan of the company, all unnecessary expenses if there was a gross(a) marketing plan would have a dramatic regard on helping sales decline could be tested. So the perfect marketing plan is useful and prevents the collapse of the communication activities of a page, even when agitated. The marketing plan should not be expansive long and complicated, because it is much easier to document, in which the trust. The most important techniques for developing the marketing plan at a lower place is used.Situation AnalysisFirst, we must look at the situation of the organization and its market position, intensity and other factors that may affect the marketing strategies, analyzing the situation of market research. The most important aspects that should and must take into account considerations.Challenges if the opening is established with the target market at the moment the client before the challenge and built the capacity to attract customers.Your business must be a unique advertising strategy.If you analyze the situation, competition and the number of different things on the market (George Rodriguez, 2010).The methodology of the research on the organization of Tesco explains the enlarge summary of the different types of marketing and strategic excerpts of the organization to promote the adoption of development for any business organization, its activities, which built the four main strategic options markets are,The sale of existing products to existing customersThe main advantage of choosing this type of option by t he organization because of the less adventurey option, in which the organization will be more customers for existing products can be found, is easier if the client has play a small role in the niche market new-fangledly, most companies include this kind of attracting customers.Sales of new products for existing customersIn this type of marketing organization options, the fortune is low compared to the previous option is more strategy to the client would be responsible for the type of relief for the organizations resources.Expanding existing products into new marketsThis marketing option is useful for understanding the demand for existing products where the risk is low compared to the previous options, but not with big eyes, you must decide whether the organization has taken the best route, and product image Business, sales processes and promotional materials are considered to carry the products on market considerations, such as real benefits to extend the application of their mod e of operation, customer service and the best time to inspect the goods on the market are included in the considerations.Develop new products for new marketsThis option is more risky compared to the option in the strategy market since the implementation of the new product on the market may again lead to the diversification measure. Its moving a big challenge for companies in emerging markets at best, and it would be difficult to distribution channels of the facility, managing customer expectations and generate demand for existing competitors, the difficult task which requires large resources, drawn below the curve is called a risk that would be in the range of services or goods collected by organizations (convalescent Stuart, 2010)Tesco has not built individually, but you have to develop their organizations, with the assistance of arouse parties, interest groups are nothing more than the particular group of people interested in group activity different from their own interests in t he economy, in this case, Tesco has many pretenders are tracking some of them.CustomersIn general, customers are acting as the main actors in society in general, clients vex ahead of products to choose low-cost and search for variety of products. Tesco is correct really happened on the client and get more customers to the Organization, Tesco can best business solutions to its clients, which are the main source of income, customers apply pressure on the organization, Tesco has unbroken reviews with your company to meet customer demand and keep in pip with them, feedback from customers who have a major impact on Tesco because they can suggest ways to improve the strategy cases that the comments of staff shortages such as in the field have a great impact on the activities of Tesco in the organization is unable to respond to customer feedback, the proportion of losing the client.PersonalEmployees of the people who pay in Tesco Organisation for their work in the organization, employ ees must be diversity of skills to your salary is decided, the employees working in different sections for their skills, such as cash registers , so clean, if Tesco can find all the staff works hard to develop the organization, he would be entitled to promotion criteria in the organization, the staff is also the main shareholder of the corporation, the organization of the State, offer good working conditions for employees who otherwise would not have a good service to their employment, employees have the greatest impact on the organization of Tesco, the key role in the companys huge profits.FinancialIt is most important to Tesco, because they need musical accompaniment to expand its operations, expanding its activities the organization can create more interest from members who work in Tesco, Finance also act as an important player for business because it is the only source of Tesco, if the transaction goes smoothly.Related SearchesOther key stakeholders of the company is the suppli er, and they expect to offer products for sale at Tesco any other source of income for suppliers of Tesco good is the main reason that acts as a provider of Tesco, in Indeed, Tesco, good supplier to inform the company of about ply in an average time to do so (Medium-Low, 2008)For participation in the above-mentioned strategies for personnel, human resources function is key to winning the implementation, the role of staff in recognition of the responsibility of the personnel department in the implementation of the strategy business, the success of implementation strategies have an impact throughout the organization, ministry staff, the only department that may have access to activities to all employees who have the human resources department informed of problems arise in the implementation strategy of Tesco, this dissertation also provide that the HR function is also central to the organization. (2008) utilise the theory involves a single prediction that the organization must have c ertain core values and vision to make a strong base can be implemented within the organization. The values of the organization is at the heart of the vision and shape of the daily operations of the organizations mission, working with the organization describes the role of play and the future functioning of organizations is, if the mission of organization in the realistic evaluation of the company can control this inquiry, the mission, vision and values of the person to make bricks in all decisions of the organization. These aspects are useful for the development of applied following table captures the traffichip with the vision, mission and values that are the most important aspects of the organization are knownOne of the basic skills in achieving the vision, mission and objectives of governance of the organization, the concept of governance is that decisions are taken by the organization on critical issues effectively. A loaded governance body will provide funding crisis decision -making body the organizations with the lifeless body of government long-term stay in the organization, more effective management of the organization to build trust between the members are active. The main objective of the government must pay good decisions and policies that reflect the moral values of the organization of corporate governance and contributes to the understanding of social relations between members of the organization. The main functions of the governing body of any organization are to develop skills in members and also to develop leadership qualities (Ann Philbin, Sandra Mikush, 1999)Recently, many changes in Tescos business environment it faces, Tesco is strongly influenced by the many difficulties such as uncertainty affects the market, except for strategic decisions of the difficulties mentioned above includes the Tesco analysis and identification of economic, social, governmental and technological and business process and PEST analysis is known, in recent years , Tesco in the list of organizations, changes in market environment, asPoliciesThats the kind of questions concerning the organization of risk, asFiscal policyGovernment stabilityRegulation of inappropriate TradeMonopoly Law CommissionLabour LawEconomic factorsThis is the section which covers aspects such asTrends GnpInflationUnemploymenteconomic cyclesDisposable incomeSocio-culturalIn this field of analysis of problems encountered by TescoIncome DistributionSocial MobilityLevel of educationchanges in lifestyleTechnological aspectsTechnological aspects of issues such as engine room issuesSurvey on government spendingA rapid increase in technology transferPrice (Ahsan Majeed, 2005)With the help of discussions on this research methodology, Tesco said that previous efforts to overcome successfully created due to changes in the environment and leading the organization to succeed, it is expected that a more is to act effectively change the environment, the criteria for Tesco in the firs t position in the market has been a great success of Tesco in achieving customer satisfaction and provide a real service to customers, if n is not the answer to Tesco of these changes would not have had the opportunity to abandon the enterprise as a result, a great loss to the organization. Although the organization is most effective when Tesco has some of the major operative areas of the company that performed the operation of his business, small or function of organizations working to bring these people regularly, bill payments and respond to customer requests for this type of work can be limited rights in small firms, but where large companies as it was considered that if the specific tasks and specialize in such large areas is easier to identify employees and between different sphere of influences and ministries, and each of his department has strengthened its position in a particular field. The various functional areas can be presented schematically Tesco, which is then applie d,The main objective of the functional areas to ensure that, in order to conduct operations effectively, the main administrative functions of the business organization,AdministerThis functional area within an organization for all companies in the market is needed in small-scale organizations, this function is to pay a single command, and the bills keep up, while most public place by the relevant authorities main operating,Collect and send emailsDocument recoveryorganizing meetingsIn response to questionscollect informationprovisions for the roadArrangements for interviews and eventsService functionAnother major objective of the organizational functions of the service to their customers, looking all business units to customers who are concerned about the products of these reasons, a separate customer service must be configured to your needs, the duties of customer service,In response to customer demandProvide information to customersComplaintsfeedback to improve serviceFunctions of H RThe most important resource of the human resources function of workers in the organization, most organizations in support of marketing companies with a well trained for the activities of its activities is the human resources function for bigger variation of new employees in the organization so that the best person for the organization at all organizational functions, select the human resources function is most important because it is a long and expensive process, the hiring the candidate can cause instability in society. New employees are likely to pop out programs for the people involved made the industry and regulators to build a rule, is the other main task of the Human Resources Unit to provide adequate education and staff development which should ensure greater that the company retains qualified employees, to expect people often say that their employers treated and paid fairly and have the appropriate working environment, human resources of this monitoring process the state to help staff work and social policy, most organizations monitoring the conditions of their employees through their trade associations representing workers Senior Communications Human Resources organizations and to inform direction changes, which have the most employees in the organization of their legal obligations regarding health and safety, the working procedure of the main functions of human resources,Press advertising and vacanciesthe communication possibilities for personal advancement constrain all competitorsmonitoring the workKeep a record of accidents, such as health and safetyRecord the employees absenceMaintain personnel recordsPreparation of corporate social policyTherefore, previous discussions, we can say that the HR department is to assume a crucial role in the organization. To effectively carry out its operationsTask5 (a)Tesco has to be part of the implementation plans for the execution of preferred destinations and a number of important factors for planning and i mplementation of market strategy. Tesco should be aware and fully with the conversion table on the following issues and review and often for the successful implementation of organizational strategies. This implementation includes the following topics listed below.ApproachThis plan refers to the attention of Internet resources in the area and meets the rewards.ObjectivesThis factor should increase the effort and investment, provides for the organization.Competitive AdvantageThis section of the plan refers to the method of operation in the region, where strong competition, if an organization is not aware of this fact that would probably fall back from its competitors.Superior PerformanceThis action plan is important for the organizations plan, all its members, this strategy must also recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the companys position and meets the needs of the market would be a useful framework for working with success of the organization with market forces.Sustainable co mpetitive advantagesThis strategy proposes ideas may also work for the organizational period.Innovation and Creativity fashion new and innovative ideas and thoughts will help to improve the organization and location of the organization at the cutting edge in comparison with other organizations.FlexibilityThis is one of the plans for implementing marketing strategies for the invention of new flexible products are allowed, they are difficult to support the number of opportunities that are sensitive to the cosmos of time working with decisions business, such as Chance and weaknesses of the plan.Basic abstract simplicityThe strategic plan includes plans for some long and complicated, the constant adaptation and change requires a different time, the organization must be aware of information that most strategic plans are based on historical information and forecasts the future.The ability to participateThis is the ultimate key to the implementation of any marketing plan is a wonderful strategy makes sense if you support the implementation of its mission, vision and objectives to achieve the desired organization (Brain Monger, 2006).This method of support for research on various aspects, methods and application of the theory that the marketing agency for business growth in the market to determine approval. Must be developed to carry out activities in the marketing strategies of a eclipse plan for any challenge as a variety of implementations that are necessary to implement the plan. The platforms and steps for planning and presentation of the implementation of the marketing strategy are includedAction requiredThe services sector includes all activities related to products, pricing and promotional activities and some of the specific application areas such as structural changes, training of staff.Event TimeThis segment is to plan and schedule of activities is necessary before playing.Identify activities by other means. Most marketing strategies should be in the ord er that the writing, production and delivery. These activities should be isolated from other activities and services.Order PlacementThis is the part of managers to control the effort plans of all activities and how to determine the individual activities.Assign responsibilityThis suggests that managers, many employees, teams and departments to deliver specific activities assigned.Task5 (b)Effective implementation of the development plan is to start operations in a spreadsheet, provides information on individual activities in the suppress Plan. Drawn below the graph represents a plan for implementation of marketing activities marketing structure includes different types of elements in the implementation of plans.Figure source Market StrategyMarketing StrategyThis element of the application includes the companys products, distribution, pricing and promotional activities of products.Shared values and goalsThese application notes are a lonely(prenominal) maintain the unity of the whol e operation.Marketing structureThis segment includes the activities of the corporate structure of organized marketing.System and processThis request covers work activities, the various activities of the inputs to ensure the production of information and activities of the production company of your operation can absorb.PeopleThis sector guide implementation firm for the recruitment of technical workers and their conditions of optimum training, indigence, commitment and satisfaction.ResourcesResources include a variety of assets to be purchased in concert in the implementation of marketing strategies.LeadershipThis segment manager application guide, how to communicate with all members of the unit and the implementation of programs such as employee motivation (OC Ferrell, Michael D. Hartline, 2008).Task 5 (c)This research on market strategy provides information on various types of risk management strategies in different circumstances. Most researchers focus on such topics as strategie s-ante and ex post market structure. ex ante actions that occurred before the loss and ex-post measures were taken after the chance occurred appeal. For example, firefighters noise after the fire has been exhausted is a posteriori strategy starts from the fall of the chimney after the fire a. In other words, this strategy can be described as a risk coping and risk mitigation techniques that act as synonyms for ex-post and ex ante market strategies. Morduch (1995) calls these two strategies are the measures of income and consumption smoothing. ex-ante strategies are not generally focus on issues such as health risk and income, the market prices are uncertain. uptake smoothing is never a perfect choice of the strategy of the business thereafter. There were many more changes in the cost of preventive home care, health and food preparation took place after the loss, this discussion will help the other strategy is to assess post-ante and former and provide solutions to these issues thi s thesis. (Marcel Fafchamps, 2003).Task (D)This research is also intended as a guide for managers, the various steps and measures for action to be taken into consideration before implementing new strategies, because the choice of strategy and undesirable aliens would be a great loss for the effective organization created as a loss prevention manager must be able to implement a plan for the organization to understand.

Quakers Are Known As The Society Of Friends Religion Essay

Quakers ar Known As The Society Of Friends Religion EssayThe Quakers, as well as cognize as the Society of Friends, are a collection of Christians that are bountiful of otherwise faiths. They do non believe in sexism, racism, or war. As a society they preach love, truth, and tolerance. They believe in treating e very soulfulness as a best friend, yet this peaceful group of Christians was locationed as one of the largest scourges to Christianity and the Puritan vogue of support during the mid-17th speed of light. They were persecuted, whipped, and hung by the Puritans in the primeval American Colonies. Why would the peaceful Society of Friends be so greatly worshiped that it would safari the Puritans to persecute them so? Were the Quakers that large of a threat, or was this undecomposed other example of antagonism that existed betwixt other Christian bodies in the past? This paper will argue that the Quakers were f stiletto hee lead nevertheless because they had a diametrical religious thought process than the Puritans and that through disclose memorial Christians, having a different view points on Christianity has light-emitting diode to persecutions. First I will privacy a short history of how the Quakers and Puritans came to saucy England. Next I will c everyplace near of the similarities and divergencys betwixt the Quakers and Puritans. thence I will detail some of the persecutions that the Quakers endured from the Puritans in radical England. Fin totallyy I will compare the dislike that the Puritans held towards the Quakers, with hostilities that other Christians and groups of Christians faced through push through history.The Puritans started out as a group of Christians who sought to purify the church building of England, during the early 17th century. They entangle up that the church building should be separate from the rule of the King. The Puritans precious to be free to idolize divinity fudge how they saw fit, with out the King of England telling them how they should worship (Woodman 22). The Puritans likewise wanted to correct certain practices and ceremonies of the church of England, which they viewed as Anti-Christian. They wanted to return the church building back to how it was during the apostolic periods, before the church building adopted practices that they felt strayed from Gods glory. alas the Puritans did not father much luck in purifying the Church of England, instead they had stiff aspiration to any changes and the Anglican Church terminate up passing laws against them (Sweet 18).Since the Puritans were persecuted and unable to change the Church of England, they instead went to the impudent World in localize to create a pure Church that was not controlled by any kind of judicature (Abbott 232). They viewed New England as a place where they could create their perfect church. They wanted to build a Church that warned against pleasures of the flesh, one that was very pla in so as not to detract from the glory of God, and one that promoted a very strict stylus in which to live. They also wanted to ensure that the government would not be able to control their Church. This would allow them to worship as they saw fit, without government interference. The Puritans thought by doing this that they would be able to live their simple life that was completely devoted to God in every aspect without the fear of persecution (Sweet 21).The Quakers, like the Puritans, also saw the Church of England as being corrupt. They believed that the Anglican Church had strayed from the correct path of God and that it needed changes. They also felt that the church should not be controlled by the King. The Quakers also met stiff resistance, just like the Puritans, and were persecuted for standing up to the King and the Church of England. Laws were quickly passed to leaven and suppress them, their meeting houses (similar churches) were burned, and the jails were quickly fill ed with Quakers. Despite this opposition the Quakers were not dissuadered, instead they continued to preach in England despite the fact that they were constantly persecuted and the Church refused to change (Woodman 22).The Quakers felt the urge to spread their faith roughly the world, so unlike the Puritans, they did not come to New England to start a new church nor to escape persecution. rather they traveled to New England in tell apart to spread their religious beliefs. They went to New England as missionaries, more thanover instead of being accepted with open arms by the Puritans, they were immediately throw in jail. The Puritans then burned the Quaker missionarys books and arranged for their deportation presently after (Hamm 23).A short time after the scratch line dickens Quakers were deported, more Quakers began to arrive and the Puritans felt they moldiness stop the Quaker onset immediately. Soon the Puritans passed laws to fine the ships captains that brought any Quakers to New England. The Quakers soon found it very hard to flummox a ship to take them to New England. Instead of being deterred, the Quakers simply built their own ship to take them to New England. The Puritans continued to persecute the Quakers as they would arrive. They would whip, brand, and sometimes in time mutilate the Quakers who came to Massachusetts. Then the Quakers would be banished and all of their property confiscated by the Puritans. When the Quakers were departing New England, the Puritans would give them a strict warning that promised the Quakers death if they ever returned again. Despite these strict warnings and punishments, the Quakers calm continued to return to New England (Hamm 23).What could pay caused the Puritans to act so violently towards the Quakers? After all, thither were many similarities amid the Puritans and the Quakers. They two had suffered persecutions from the Anglican Church and the King of England. They both believed that the govern ment should not control the church and they both thought that the Church of England was had become corrupt and needed to be fixed. alike both the Puritans and Quakers believed that masses should avoid the natural pleasures of the world and the pleasures of the flesh, as hearty as any fashions or customs that could top to pride and/or selfishness. They both believed in having a simple church so as not to detract from the glory of god and they both disliked the conception that a priest was needed to make pass with God (Jones xx).Despite these similarities between the Puritans and Quakers, there were also many differences. The Puritans, like many religions, had a minister to lead the church services, whereas the Quakers had no ministers or priests (Abbott 232-233). The Quakers believed that every Christian could be a minister in his or her own way and that the beatified Spirit could move any person, whether man, woman, rich, poor, royalty, or peasant, to speak on Gods behalf. F or their church services, instead of a person leading the sermon, the Quakers would gather together and clutches in silence until the devoted Spirit would move through a person. That person would then be compelled by God to speak for God and to reveal new revelations.Another difference was that the Puritans believed that only a recognise few were selected by God, whereas the Quakers believed that every psyche had an inner light in themselves. This inner light could show every person the way to salvation. It could class sin and show how to avoid anything that was contrary to what God would want a person to do. This inner light also allowed each person to communicate directly with God, without the need for a minister or priest (Hamm 21).The Puritans also believed that reading the word of honor was the best way to understand what God wanted. The Puritans believed that the script was the inspired word of God and that it held all of Gods truths (Sweet 98). They stressed that study ing the give-and-take was of the utmost importance. The Quakers on the other hand, believed that side by side(p) the inner light was of the utmost importance, with the give-and-take glide path in second. The Quakers still believed that the Bible was Gods word, further they also believed that God could reveal new things to each person through their individual inner light that may not establish been revealed through the Bible (Jones xxi xxii).The Puritans also viewed the sacraments as outward signs of Gods in glaring grace, while the Quakers view of the sacraments is purely spiritual. For example, the Quakers do not eat up baptisms or take Holy Communion. Instead they believed that true communion was gathering together to worship Christ. Also, they believed that the only true baptism was when a person was baptized with the Holy Spirit base through them. The Quakers then viewed Gods grace not as a visible sign, exactly one that you could not see. It was a sign that went dire ctly into a persons heart and only that person could sense that they had Gods grace (Abbott 252 Hamm 21).Another difference was equality. The Puritans had a very strict social order, but the Quakers, believing that all men and women were equal, did not have a social hierarchy. The Puritans believed that women should not have public roles, but the Quakers would often give women public roles and allow women to knead important roles within their Church (Hamm 23). Also the Quakers viewed every person as if he was a beloved brother. They believe that all life is a sign of Gods grace and every person should be treated as if they were your best friend. This meant that the Quakers did not view any person as outranking another person, crimson if that person happened to be a King or a Bishop (Woodman185).Persecution of the Quakers in New EnglandBefore the arrival of the first Quakers to New England, the Puritans had standard anti-Quaker pamphlets. These pamphlets led the Puritans to belie ve that the Quakers may be a threat to their way of life. Because the Puritans believed that they had set up a perfect society and church in Gods eyes, they did not want anyone to threaten their way of life. Therefore the Puritans viewed all other religions as a potential threat (Sweet 144). When the Quakers did arrive, they immediately viewed them as a potential threat for obliging disorder. Because the Quakers did not believe in authority, but that every person was equal, the Puritans viewed this as contempt and disorder in their society. This in turn allowed the Puritans to use state laws to punish Quakers. When the first Quakers came to New England, the Puritans deeded that the Quakers were creating civil unrest and immediately had them arrested and thrown in jail (Chu 6-7).After the first deportation of the very first two Quakers to arrive in New England, the Puritans thought they may have stopped the problem. However when more and more Quakers began to arrive, the Puritans f elt jeopardise by the change the Quakers were trying to bring. The Puritans decided they had to sic an immediate stop to anymore Quakers coming to New England. This led to the fines on ships captains for bringing Quakers to New England, but the Quakers continued to arrive and spread their religion. This led to the Puritans fining anyone who take down possessed any of the Quakers books or pamphlets. In fact the Puritans were so protective of their society that these fines were not limited to only Quaker books, but to any material from a religion other than the Puritan religion (Wills 19). Despite these fines, the Quakers continued to come and spread their religious beliefs, even though it meant building their own ship to get from England to New England.This constant influx of Quakers only helped to convince the Puritans that Quakerism was definitely one of the greatest threats to their society. They were revolted by the Quakers views on the Bible, direct revelation, giving women p ublic roles, the sacraments, their opposition to taking oaths, and the fact that the Quakers seemed compelled to go where they were not wanted. To the Puritans it seemed as if the Quakers must surely be possessed by demons and that they were out to destroy the Puritans way of life (Hamm 23). They could not fathom anyone in their decent mind who would keep going where they were not welcome. The Quakers however, were stubborn. They, like the Puritans, believed that their religion was the correct religion and that God was on their side.At first the Puritans felt that the fines, jail time, and banishment would stop the Quakers from coming, but the Quakers continued to return again and again. When these punishments failed, the Puritans then set up stricter laws to try and keep the Quakers out. They declared that if a male Quaker returned after being banished, he would have his ear cropped. Then if he returned again, the other ear would be cropped. After a third return, the Quaker would have his tongue bored through with a hot iron. For women Quakers, they would be whipped for the first two times they returned and then they would have their tongues bored through for the third offense. When these punishments proved to be ineffective, the Puritans felt that they must set up the death penalty to try and deter the Quakers from coming (Sweet 146).Still the Quakers would kept coming back to try and spread their religion. They would claim that visions and dreams urged them to go to New England and to spread the fair word of their religion. Because the Quakers were so opinionated on going to New England, despite the punishments inflicted upon them, many more pile converted to Quakerism. Once people would see how devoted the Quakers were to their religion and that they would volitionally die for what they believed in, it end up drawing many more people to the Quaker religion. This led to the Quaker religion public exposure fast and uttermost (Fox 34).Other Christian P ersecutionsThese hostilities between the Quakers and Puritans werent just an isolated incident between these two religions. It has been going on for centuries between Christians and non-Christians, as well as between Christian groups that have different beliefs. Christianitys history is littered with persecutions and individuals who have died for their faith and beliefs.When Christianity was first starting, the Roman Empire had persecuted Christians on and off over the first few centuries. Starting with Jesus who was viewed as a threat to the Empire and therefore was persecuted and eventually killed for his beliefs. Then his followers were also persecuted for following him. For example Paul the apostle, who was a big influence in spreading early Christianity, was persecuted, thrown in jail, tortured, and driven out of towns for spreading the Christian faith. Then in 64 C.E. the Roman emperor moth, Nero, blamed Christians for burning the city of Rome, to which he ended up persecutin g many more Christians. Many Christians were also persecuted for refusing to pay homage to the Roman Emperors genius or divine spirit. These Christians had viewed salaried homage to the emperors genius as idol worship and refused to participate in the act. Christians were also persecuted by the Roman Empire for refusing to perform sacrifices. These Christians were often put to death by fire, wild animals, or gladiators in public arenas, in order to send a message to other Christians that they should comply with the rules of the empire (Moore 58-59).The early Christians were persecuted because they had different beliefs than many of the Romans and therefore were viewed as a threat even though they may have been peaceful. This however, did not keep them from persecuting others as time went on. Other groups of Christians that also faced opposition and hostilities, during the first couple of centuries that Christianity came into existence, were the Ebionites, Gnostics, and the Marcion ites. These triplet groups were Christians that had different views on Christianity than the proto-orthodox Christians. For this they were persecuted and completely destroyed by the proto-orthodox Christianity. For example, the Ebionites believed that in order to be Christian a person must be Judaic and follow all of the Jewish traditions from eating a kosher dieting to circumcisions. They also believed that Jesus was the adopted son of God and did not go out from a virgin birth. Because of these beliefs the Ebionites were not popular with other Christians that wanted to get away from the Jewish traditions, which led to them being persecuted and eventually their religion was wiped out (Ehrman 100-102).The Marcionites were also considered heretics and persecuted for having different beliefs than the proto-orthodox Christians. They were seen as a significant threat and even had five volumes of books written against them in order to attack their beliefs. Their beliefs differed becau se they believed in two Gods, one was the evil Old Testament God and one was the good New Testament God. They also believed that Jesus was not very human, which greatly contrasted with proto-orthodox Christianity. (Ehrman 103-108).The Gnostics also had different views than the proto-orthodox Christians, which led to them being harassed and persecuted. The Gnostics believed that Jesus wasnt actually human, that the material world was completely evil and the spirit world was good, that there were multiple Gods, and that only certain people had a divine discharge in them that would allow them to go to heaven. These ideas caused the Gnostics to be considered heretics and another threat to Christianity. Christians were even warned on how to spot possible Gnostics in order to try and drive them out of the proto-orthodox Christian churches (Ehrman, The New Testament 197-201).Persecutions among different Christian orders continued, but persecutions even occurred within the same Christian order. Whenever there was a tell in beliefs, Christians would often argue over who was right and who was wrong. This would often lead to more persecutions. One such example was around the 8th century when there was a huge conflict over icons of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the saints. Christianity roue into two groups, each of who thought their views were correct. One group was the iconoclasts, who believed that all icons should be destroyed, and the other group was the iconodules, who believed that icons where just simple glimpses of what heaven may be like. This difference in beliefs led to violent conflicts over who was right and who was wrong. Constantine V, Emperor Leo IIIs son, had some of the greatest and raspingest persecutions of this time. He had hundreds of iconodule monks tortured by gouging out their eyes, cutting off their tongues and noses, setting their beards on fire, and even executing those that stood against his iconoclast view. These hostilities between the i conoclasts and iconodules lasted from 726 until 787 C.E. (Nystrom 134-235).Another example of hostilities between Christian orders was between the Protestants and the Catholic Church. The Protestants were persecuted because they interpreted the Bible differently than the Catholics. The Protestants then used these new interpretations of the Bible to try and change the Catholic Church. Some of the changes they wanted were to eliminate indulgences, clip the sacraments from the seven to only baptisms and communion, and to use scripture alone as the capital guide for faith. The Catholic Church on the other hand wanted to keep indulgences, all seven sacraments, and to continue using scripture in conjunction with church teachings as the ultimate authority for faith (Moore 182-183). These differences led to an irreparable split between the two Christianities, with the Catholic Church declaring that the Protestants were.decisivenessIn conclusion, these hostilities between Christian groups a nd between Christians and Non-Christians were very similar to the hostilities between the Puritans and Quakers. All of the hostilities had to do with different views on Christianity resulting in persecution of one of the Christian groups. These persecutions ranged from imprisonment, to excommunication, to banishment, or even to death. The Quakers had very different views on Christianity than the Puritans. Because the Puritans felt threatened by these differences, they persecuted the Quakers. This was very similar to many other persecutions throughout the history of Christianity. Christians when they were first forming had different viewpoints than non-Christians. Then as Christianity grew, factions of Christians separated because they had different viewpoints on how Christianity should be. This in turn led to the new groups of Christians, with the new viewpoints, who were often persecuted by the original group of Christians.While it may seem that the Puritans were especially harsh o n the Quakers, it is obvious that they were not the only ones to use death and punishment to deter what they viewed as a threat to their way of life. When two groups of Christians have opposing viewpoints, and they both believe very bulletproofly that they are right and the other group is wrong, this inevitably leads to hostilities between the two groups. If the hostilities are strong enough, there were likely to be punishments and maybe even death to deter and stop the spread of the opposing groups beliefs. These hostilities are likely to continue in the future as new revelations come about over what Christianity should be and what practices should be followed. Only time will tell what new Christianities will branch off of the vast array of Christian orders that are already established, but it is almost certain that new branches of Christianity will meet opposition and persecution from one or another of the already established branches of Christianity.

Importance of Cost Reduction and Control

Importance of Cost diminution and ControlAssignment on pecuniary principles and techniquesIntroductionSt arrangegic investing decision shew indicates the answer of identifying, evaluating, and selecting among stand outs which ar more likely to dumbfound signifi screwt effect on the shapings agonistical advantage. More clearly, the decision influences what the organization does (i.e., the set of overlap and t competent service attributes that be offerings of the organization), where it does it (i.e., the structural characteristics that determine the scope and geographical dispersion of organizations trading ope dimensionns), and how it does it (i.e., the set of ope rational surgical procedurees and work practice).The st yardgic investiture decision making put to work is arguably hotshot of senior management greatest ch bo henceges. It is signifi undersidetly needed to devil these decisions right. If the decision is successful, the firm can enjoy strategic as hale as operational advantage. But while the decision proves wrong, either a potential opportunity is lost or it has needlessly spoiled substantial resources ( d one(a) fruitless investment). well-nigh traditional approaches to strategic investment appraisals which overwhelm payback, score rate of income tax return, return on investment, residual income, and discount rateed hard property flow project been criticized on the flat coat of a number of grounds. Some main criticisms be their narrow perspective, exclusion of nonfinancial benefits, overemphasis on the improvident-term, faulty assumptions about the stipulation quo, inconsistent treatment of inflation, and promotion of non- survey adding behavior. parturiency 1Cost Reduction Techniques.Cost reduction means reducing personify associated with production or some(prenominal)(prenominal) other cost activities without affecting the quality of product or service as well as activities. Through cost reduction procedures or techniques managers reduce cost. For this they break diverse cost reduction techniques. The success of all organization largely depends on how strategically cost is managed comp atomic number 18d with that of competitors. It certainly provides private-enterprise(a) advantage which is inhering in this hyper competitive market or telephone line world. As the manager is the higher authority of any organization, they ar to develop different ca expends of policies and strategies to run the business successfully.Processes of Cost ReductionIdentify the parsimonyMake your prediction on savingMeasure the process prior(prenominal) to adjustmentMake the cost saving changeMeasure the process afterConfirm saving has been made and it hasnt impacted other areas to take form a loss.If YES move onto next stick out.If NO go back to the rise and start again.Appropriate Costing SystemCost that is allocated to units of production can be effective cost or banal cost. In an veridical or historical cost system, cost is allocated as they occur. Under standard cost system, product operations and process are costed by means of habituate standard for both activities and dollar follow. These standards are predetermined in pressurize of production. The actual cost system and standard cost system can be used with either transmission line army or process cost accumulation approaches. Job order costing is applied to job order work in factories, workshops and repair shops as well as to work by builders, construction engineers and printers. A variation of the job order cost method is that of costing orders by lots. In the shoe manufacturing companies for example, a contract is typically divided into lots which consists of 100 to 250 pairs of one sizing and style of shoe. The cost is then accumulated for each lot. On the other wad, the process cost system is applied to industries such as dredge mills, breweries, chemical purposets and textile factories. However there are many companies that use both job order and process costing according to their needs. The prefatorial difference amid job order costing and process costing is the breadth of the denominator. The denominator of job order costing system is small (e.g. one painting 100 advertising circulars, one special package railway car or one highway bridge). But in the case of process costing, the denominator is large (e.g. thousands of pounds, gallons or board feet.).Task 2The importance of underdeveloped cost reduction techniquesIt helps to enhance management performance or facultyIt helps to know the nature of costIt helps to reduce the cost of operations of the organizationIt helps to set competitive worth of product or serviceIt helps to add-on market share in the attentionIt helps to increase advance or returnIt helps to enjoy competitive advantage over competitorsProposed costing and price systemsBasis of Costing MethodsMaterial costLabor cost operating cost costOpportunity cost Structure of CostingCosting principles and methodologyFixed and variable costDirect cost (material and attention)In cipher cost (overhead and activity based costing) carrefour cost and periodic costProduct cost and gross revenue costActual CostingTo set actual costTo change to actual costTo analyze variance rating of ProjectBreakeven analysisMarginal contributionOpportunity cost requitalNPV,DCF, IRRROIROCProject Case PricingHow to cost project correctlyHow to fill project approveWhat cost to excludeEssential cost to includeA business case proposalPreparing a Master computeMaster reckon is a comprehensive planning document which incorporates several(prenominal) other individual figures.The operation budget consists of eight individual budgets which are as followsSales budget The gross revenue budget shows the expected gross sales in units at their expected selling price in a certain period of duration. A business firm generally prepares the sales budget for a habituated p eriod of time on the basis forecasted sales level, production capacity, as well as long and short term goals.Production cypher Production budget is a plan for obtaining the resources needed to carry out the manufacturing operations of the organization to meet up the expected sales and maintain the expected level of ending inventory. The flow production level depends on sales level, units of finished goods ending and commencement inventory.Direct Material Budget The prepareed material budget shows the submit materials business firm needs for its production and the budgeted cost. This budget is really more than related to production budget.Direct Labor Budget To prepare direct labor budget and the direct materials budget, production budget is needed. It helps personnel segment of the organization to plan for new hires and repositioning of employees. A good labor budget is very helpful for a business firm to obviate urgent hiring and help to prevent the shortage of labor.Facto ry Overhead Budget This budget includes all the production costs except for direct materials and direct labor budgets. Manufacturing cost is the cost that varies in direct proportion with the fabricate units and how the business firm carries out its operation.Selling and administrative spendings budget This type of budget indicates a plan for all non-manufacturing expenses. This budget provides you with a road map for selling and administrative activities for the period of your budget.Budgeted income Statement Budgeted income statement is the stick up fragmentize of operational of a police captain budget. It real estimates the expected operating income from budgeted operations in a certain period of time.The second part of master budget includes financial budget and financial budget is the combination of chase two individual budgetsCash Budget A cash budget shows the effect/impact of all the budgeted activities on cash. Through preparing a cash budget, the management of a bu siness firm is supposed to be able to make sure that they have sufficient cash on hand needed to carry out activities. It also helps them to have enough time to plan for any additional financing and plan for investment of supererogatory cash.Budgeted Balance Sheet Budgeted balance sheet is the persist part in preparing master budget. This budgeted balance sheet shows the expected financial position at the end of the fiscal socio-economic class (at a point of time) or budget period.It is very important to understand how to prepare a master budget since it helps a business to maximize its good/return and to have a good handle on their budget period.Potential for the Use of action mechanism Based CostingABC system provides highly accurate product or customer cost that a company can use for strategic decision.This system helps to understand the cause effects relationship between day to day activities and product or customer cost and hypothesis aids the operational control purpose of cost management system.Task 3Calculation of ratio symmetry analysis of Amber Lights ltd for two years is as followsLast Yeara) Return on seat of government employed = Net Profit/Total not bad(p)= 8000/109000= 7.34%b) Return on ordinary shareholders fund = Net profit/ ordinary shareholders fund=8000/16000=50%c) Gross profit margin = Gross profit/Net sales= 92000/350000=26.29%d) Net profit margin = Net profit/Net sales=8000/350000=2.29%e) Current ratio = Current asset/ period liabilities=110000/50000=2.21f) pane test ratio =C.A-Closing convey/ veritable liabilities=110-44/50=1.321g) mean(a) stock turnover period =Cost of sales/Average parentage=258000/44000=5.86 measurePeriod =360/5.86=61.43 daysThis Yeara) Return on capital employed = Net Profit/Total capital= 12000/117000= 10.26%b) Return on ordinary shareholders fund = Net profit/ ordinary shareholders fund= 12000/16000=75%c) Gross profit margin = Gross profit/Net sales=110000/420000=26.19%d) Net profit margin = Net pr ofit/Net sales=12000/420000=2.86%e) Current ratio = Current asset/current liabilities=136000/92000=1.481f) panelling test ratio =C.A-Closing stock/ current liabilities=136000-63000/92000=.791g) Average stock turnover period =Cost of sales/Average Inventory=310000/63000=4.92 timesPeriod =360/4.92Analysis of Operating Efficiency and ProfitabilityThe given ratio of Amber Lights ltd. indicates two types of ratio including operating efficiency and gainfulness. The operating profitability ratio indicates that return on capital employed ratio of last year is 10.26% and this year is 7.34%, return on ordinary shareholders fund ratio of last year is 50% and this year is 75%, gross profit margin of last year is 26.29% and this year is 26.19%, on the other hand, winnings profit margin ratio is 2.29% and this year is 2.86%.So we can say from the in a higher place discussion that operating profitability of two year is very pie-eyed except ordinary shareholder fund. So this year performance i s infract than last year. We also see from the operating efficiency ratio that current ratio of last year is 2.201 and current year is 1.481, acid test ratio of last year is 1.321 and current year is .791, and average stock turn over period of last year is 61.43 days and this year is 73.17 days. From the given data of last year and the current year of Amber Lights ltd we find that last year performance is smash than this year. So from the given data analysis we can say that last year operating efficiency was go bad than that of current year.Limitation of ratio AnalysisAlthough ratio analysis provides important implications, there are some limitations of ratio analysis. The main limitations of ratio analysis are given infraAccounting treatment varies between firmsFirms with different divisions operating in different industries make it difficult to find industry ratio analysisSome Results may be in consistentRatios which are outside an industry range might be cause of much concer n.Task 4Financial Appraisal MethodsThere are several different appraisal methods and each of those methods has its fussy applications, advantages and drawbacks.Simple PaybackThis is one of the simplest and widely recognize methods of cost/benefit analysis. Payback period is defined as the aloofness of time required to recover the original investment on the project, through cash flows. The cash flows include operating profit, less income tax payable, gain depreciation.Internal Rate of ReturnIt can be said that it is the mostly used method for the financial evaluation of a companys investment. The internal rate of return (IRR) can be defined as the rate of return required to make the testify pry of approaching cash flows positivistic the final market comfort of the investment, equal to the current market price for the investment. Actually it is a discount rate making the electronic network shew value equal to zero.Average Rate of ReturnThe average rate of return is calcula ted profit after tax divided by book value of investment. Under this method, the entire life of any project is considered.Net Present ValueNet subject value is one of the discounted cash flow techniques. This method considers time value of money. It is calculated as present value of future cash inflows over the life of the project less present value of cash outflows.Benefit Cost RatioBenefit cost ratio is another version of net present approach. Under this approach, the benefits from the project are reduced to their present value at a specified rate of discount and this figure is divided by the present value of the cost of the project.Discounted Cash FlowThis approach actually represents what a company is willing to pay at the present (today) to become anticipated cash flow in future years. So it is a process of converting future earnings into todays money. Future cash flows are discounted to constitute their present values and determine the value of the project.These are well r ealized and understood appraisal tools to financially evaluate projects. All appraisal methods are not supposed to provide the same result. Increasingly, with the creation of stakeholder value macrocosm determined by an organizations environmental and social policies and values, new criteria and perspectives will have to be factored into organizations decision-making process.Strategic Issues in Making Investment DecisionsThe prime target of every business organization is to make money for the owners now and in the future. Investment decision plays a significant role in making investment decisions.Both quantitative as well as qualitative issues must be considered in decision making.Short-term decisions are relatively easy on the quantitative sideWould you rather spend $10,000 or $15,000 given the same revenue?Would you rather sell something for $5.00 per unit or $7.00 per unit given the same costs?Would you rather have net income of $60,000 or $50,000?Long-term (investment) decisi on involves two additional dimensions as follows timeMagnitudeDiscounted Cash Flow Analysis addresses the timing issue.Discounted Cash Flows (DCF Analysis)A dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future.A dollar in the future is worth less than a dollar today.Steps to DCFTo determine future cash flowsTo determine the take into account discount rateHigher discount rate = lower present valueLower discount rate = higher present valueHigh adventure generally requires greater returnHigher risk = higher discount rateDiscount the future cash flows by using the selected hurdle rateCompare the present value of the future cash flows to the investmentIf PV of inflows PV of outflows, project is acceptableIf PV of inflows PV of outflows, project is rejectedNPV = PV of all Inflows PV of all outflowsTools of DCFPV = to compute the present value of single future amount or a set rente using a given cross discount rateFV = to compute the future value of a single present amount or a se t annuity given a particular discount rateRate = to computes the particular discount rate needed to convert a present value to a future value or a future value to a present valueNPV = to computes the net present value of a series of dissimilar future cash flows given a particular discount (hurdle) rateIf NPV 0, the investment is acceptableIf NPV 0, the investment is rejectedIRR = computes the discount (hurdle) rate which makes net present value equal to zero.If IRR the hurdle rate, the investment is acceptableIf IRR the hurdle rate, the investment is rejectedExample Suppose, company XYZ wants to make investment decision of $ 200000 for a project. The company must justify the PV of cash inflows and compare it with the cash outflows. If the value of PV is greater than cash outflow then the company should accept the project.ConclusionCost concept is very essential for decision making process. As the manager is the higher authority of any organization, they are to develop different types of policies and strategy to run the business successfully. So development of cost reduction procedures is one of the most important strategies. It is very important to develop cost reduction procedures because it increases the profit of the firm through reducing cost of production. If the manager cannot control cost their operating expense will be higher and higher and therefore reducing the profit of the firm. A firm which can not control cost cannot throw in the competitive business world. So to make proper investment decisions financial managers should have clear knowledge about financial principles and techniques for better performance.

Assessment Strategies: Paramedic Education

Assessment Strategies Paramedic EducationParamedics take on, historic every last(predicate)y, been algorithmically led through and through all clinical procedures and decisions which do not directly centre on clinical decision making. It has been indicated that this system of para checkup training concentrated on smell threatening conditions with protocol driven perform, based on berthicular underpinning cognition (Williams, 2002). They stomach undergone front-loaded, fit-for purpose courses which has suited the operational need of the Ambulance Service. oer the last ten years United Kingdom (UK) ambulance function make water become increasingly aw atomic number 18 that in that respect is a need to survey their statemental purvey. It became evident that paramedicalalals needed to move on from surface to rich intellection strategies and develop a greater thinking repertoire. The paramedic occupation is authorizedly at a major crossroads in its phylogeny with the transition from a training paradigm to one of higher(prenominal) education (British Paramedic Association, 2006). This evolution in paramedic education heralds a channelise a authority from a training ethos of surface training and expository t all(prenominal)ing, topper expound by A utilisebel (1968) as the presentation of the entire content of what is to be learned in its final invent.This commentary forget discuss the current perspicacity strategies use within paramedic education by higher education institutes (HEIs) including the discernments implemented in the clinical practicum. The various orders and delivery of sagaciousness will be explored including, coifive, summational and feedback. My protest personal arrests and involvement with the sagaciousness of paramedic assimilators will besides be discussed. This discussion will cause to highlight the validity and dep regulate aside fittingness of certain mind strategies such(prenominal) as objective structu red clinical examinations (OSCE), portfolios, head for the hills-based opinion. The fancy of role models for paramedic savants during their sequence on clinical side will similarly be explored.In the UK, the Institute for Health keeping Development (IHCD) is the awarding carcass for paramedic qualifications and guide been involved in prescribing the curriculum, content, and judicial decisions for all paramedic training through proscribed the UK. IHCD produce multiple choice unbeliefnaires, short act and clinical mind in like mannerls which expect been seriously challenged by the British Paramedic Association (BPA) which is the professional body overseeing paramedic practice and education. The judicial decision strategies employed by IHCD have been criticised for their errors of kindat and content relevance (Cooper, 2005). They were to a fault seen as a tick-box exercise for the employers pro prep atomic number 18 liability.IHCD assessment processes were criticised for their validity, reliability, and feasibility, with the BPA highlighting a clear need to identify pick modes of assessment such as objective structured clinical examinations with golf links to competency frameworks (British Paramedic Association, 2006). The use of a variety of opposite assessment methods has at one time become a characteristic of paramedic education within HEIs. Currently HEIs employ a plethora of assessment methods including simulation, standardised longanimouss, indite examinations, oral examinations (oral voce) and reflective portfolios. During their measure in the clinical practicum paramedic scholars be overly continually assessed with regard to their clinical competencies.Pugsley and McCrorie (2007) state the need to have valid, reli satis divisory, fair and defensible assessments imputable to increased litigation from schoolchilds be adding immature dimensions to educator roles. With the ongoing change within paramedic education in that loc ation has been a need to move away from standard assessment methods such as written examinations. Historically, educators have used the same assessment methods for all of the competencies of a paramedic, crimson when they were ill-suited to the task. For example, it is unfavorable for a paramedic to be able to communicate utilely with tolerants simply an assessment of this aspect of competence is not tested well by written examinations or a viva voce in which the assimilator- persevering construe is unobserved. To correct this problem, several methods of assessments which are new to paramedic education are being implemented with ongoing tabugrowth. These new methods accent on clinical adroitnesss, communication skills, procedural skills and professionalism. An all-important(prenominal) role of the instructor relates to assessing students competence. This hold great relevance within pre-infirmary surround as life, wellness and welfare of long-sufferings is potentially at risk if students are not accurately assessed which whitethorn lead to future paramedics with low directs of clinical competence.Stuart (2007) states that assessment peck be alineive and summational with Boud (2000), claiming that both(prenominal) forms of assessment influence culture. fictile assessment move guide future learning, promotes reflection and deliver the goods reassurance (Epstein, 2007) whereas summational assessment t lay offs to take place at the end of module or program of study and is used to pass on info about how a lot students have learned and to what extent learning outcomes have been met (Stuart, 2007). M whatever of the assessment strategies passel be used as both a method of formative and summative assessment (see table 1).Any ploughshareicular method of assessment will have its strengths and its intrinsic flaws. The use of several opposite assessment methods may partially compensate for the intrinsic flaws in any one method (Epstein, 20 07). severeness and reliability are deemed as critical for determining the usefulness of a particular method of assessment (Van der Vleuten, 1996). Validity is the extent to which the assessment measures what it was designed to measure (Quinn Hughes, 2007). Reliability indicates the consistency with which an assessment method measures what it is designed to measure (Messick, 1989).OSCEThe belief and assessment of clinical skill proficiency is a major part of paramedic education. Paramedic form programs throughout the UK are using and developing OSCEs as an approach for the assessment of clinical skill surgical operation. OSCEs have been utilised in advanced life support, trauma, medical checkup condition scenarios as well as individual(a) clinical skills. Newble (2004) states that OSCEs are better suited to assessing clinical and practical skills, often with a high degree of fidelity. Stuart (2007) warns that OSCEs have limitations as a method of assessment due to the exerci se of students under laboratory conditions may not accurately reflect their real performance in the clinical practicum. Other limitations also exist such as students finding OSCEs highly stressful (Phillips, Schostak Tyler, 2000 carry Schoonhein-Klein, 2009). An OSCE also tends to focus more than on the assessment of basic skills kind of than cognitive skills (Redfern, Norman, Calman, Watson Murrels, 2002). A major limitation is the compartmentalisation of the clinical long-suffering assessment process and students may not learn to holistically assess patients (Stuart, 2007). on that point is conflicting evidence throughout the literature regarding the reliability and validity of OSCEs as a method of assessment. Goaverts, Schuwirth, Pin et al. (2001) have reported high reliability and validity for this assessment dodge, whereas Phillips, Schostak and Tyler (2000) claim that OSCEs are seriously flawed due to lack of inter-assessor and intra-assessor reliability. Hodges (2003) points out that OSCEs are a social drama with students modifying their own demeanour in an flack to convey the impression that the assessor desires. thither are measures that have been reported to increase the validity and reliability of the use of OSCEs and these are listed in Appendix X.I have had some go steady of assisting with OSCE assessments and have found that almost no training has been provided for the assessors which in my opinion, make them unreliable. The assessors are given objective controllists alone a personalised form of scoring was sometimes used due to the lack of assessor experience or arrest of the assessment strategy. One of the OSCEs un countermandable an assessment of a students ability to perform advanced life support (ALS) with the checklist containing a summate of 111 points to be assessed (see supplement X). This created problem with the reliability of this particular OSCE as the assessors found it difficult to observe the student as well as che ck they were performing everything on the checklist. This OSCE lasted almost 30 minutes which not notwithstanding caused fatigue to the student except also to the assessor. agree to Reznick et al. (1992) the heavy work load on the assessor rouse affect their performance. A lengthy OSCE plenty also cause student fatigue which may affect their performance (Rutala, Witzke, Leko, Fulginiti Taylor, 1990).As part of my ongoing development as a teacher I have started to design an OSCE for the assessment of some basic clinical skills. Some of these have already been designed for other healthcare professions only none are paramedic education particular.Simulation ALSSimulations are increasingly being used in paramedic education to turn back that students burn demonstrate integration of prerequisite knowledge, skills, and affect in a realistic setting. For these aspects of competence, the use Sim-Man which is a physical simulator that models the human body with a very high fideli ty is currently used extensively at my employing university. This form of simulator is very realistic and can provide an excellent assessment of skills. These simulators are used in conjunction with observed structured clinical examinations (OSCE).Standardised PatientsA standardised patient is a person adroit to portray a patient with a particular medical or traumatic condition. They are used to assess a students ability to realize medical tale and physical examination data (Tamblyn Barrows, 1999). Following the opposition between the standardised patient and a student, both the standardised patient and an assessor make judgements about the students performance based on history taking, physical examination and communication skills. Checklists are positive for each patient scenario focusing on the students ability to collect the relevant data. Skills in summarising and interpreting the claimation collected are often measured chase the encounter consisting of open-ended quest ions or short answers. I have found this to be the most realistic form of assessment outside of the clinical practicum and interrogation has shown that reasonable levels of reliability and validity can be achieved (Norcini McKinley, 2007). However, McKinley and Boulet (2004) warn that there is a drift in assessor stringency over time and that the standardised patients themselves become increasingly inconsistent portraying a patient. This assessment strategy is very expensive to use and has been implemented infrequently. As part of my role as an associate lecturer I have had the probability to take part in this form of assessment. The students were required to perform a cardiac assessment on a standardised patient. Prior to this summative assessment they were given a lecture on cardiac assessment, a demonstration of the assessment and legion(predicate) hours practice time with support from the talking to team which allow ind myself. A checklist (see cecal appendage X), a viva-v oce question sheet (see appendix X) and a short answer base (see appendix X) were all designed. Following the patient encounter the standardised patient and I went through the checklist to ascertain the ability of the student. The viva-voce followed where open-ended questions (see appendix X) were asked to set aside the student to discuss their findings and plans for treatment which was followed by the short answer paper (see appendix X).Work-based AssessmentWork based assessment of learners in the clinical cenvironmentAssessment plays a major role in the process of medical education, in the lives of medical students, and in society by certifying competent physicians who can take care of the public. Society has the right to know that physicians who graduate from medical school and subsequent residency training programmes are competent and can practise their profession in a compassionate and skilful behavior (Shumway Harden 2003). Miller (1990) proposed his now famous pyramid for assessment of learners clinical competence (Figure 2).Knowledge tested by written examsApplication of knowledge tested by clinical problem solving etc. manifestation of clinical skills, tested by OSCEs, clinical exams, competency testing (Competency) everyday patient care assessed by direct observation in the clinical setting (Performance)Adapted from Miller (1990)At the lowest level of the pyramid is knowledge (knows), followed by competence (knows how), performance (shows how), and action (does) The clinical environment is the only venue where the highest level of the pyramid can be on a regular basis assessed.Assessment in the workplace is quite challenging as patient care takes top priority and teachers have to observe firsthand what the learners do in their interaction with patients and yet be vigilant that patient care is of the highest grapheme.Paramedic students need to retain vast amounts of information, integrate critical thinking skills as well as having an ability to s olve a clip of complex clinical problems often under intense pressure. In an private road to modify this I have started to acknowledge the need for alternative teach, learning and assessment strategies. Educational literature supports the use of concept mathematical function as a means to promote learning and is seen as a metacognitive strategy (Novak, 1990 Pinto Zeitz, 1997 Irvine, 1995). I have explored the idea of concept social occasion and have now started to use it within my teaching practice. I view the goal of concept mapping as a way to foster learning in a meaningful way, to enable feedback and to conduct learning evaluation and assessment. As a learning resource, concept maps can facilitate a students understanding of the integration and organisation of important clinical concepts (Pinto Zeitz, 1997). A group of the paramedic students I currently teach found that concept mapping provided them to think independently, promoted self-confidence and provided them wi th a greater awareness of connecting across several(predicate) areas of knowledge. From my own perspective I view concept mapping as a creative activity which assists the students in becoming active learners. It is also seen to allow students to organise theoretical knowledge in an integrative way as well as fostering reflection into the learners understanding (Harpaz et al., 2004). During and avocation the use of concept mapping sessions numerous opportunities arose to identify student misunderstandings allowing provision of relevant feedback and clarification of content. According to Kinchin and Hay (2000) the use of concept mapping highlights the learners constructions of connections as well as a useful form of communication between the teacher and learner. As an assessment strategy concept maps can be used either formatively or summatively (West, Park, Pomeroy Sandoval, 2002) by identifying the learners valid or invalid thoughts and links. However, Roberts (1999) warns that a suitable scoring method must be selected for each particular type of map due to their great variance in style.I have used concept mapping with individual students and small groups of students and it has been effective when dealing with the distinguishableial diagnosis of certain conditions. For example, the causes of knocker pain are numerous but it is important for a paramedic student to be able to understand and differentiate between the different causative factors. A lesson was planned, delivered with handouts provided (see appendix X). Over the next two weeks the students were formatively assessed on an individual basis by using concept maps to illustrate their understanding of the causes of chest pain. A decision was made to use a relaxed approach in an endeavour to overcome any anxiety so the assessment became an informal discussion. As the students take placeed through the task I was able to gain insight into what each student knows and how they arrange knowledge in th eir own minds. I was able to give feedback on their misunderstandings, misconceptions and errors. Paramedic educators rarely use concept mapping as a teaching or learning method but I see them as valuable tool in unveil students misunderstanding of concepts which could in turn lead to the identification of potential clinical errors.FEEDBACKEffective feedback may be defined as feedback in which information about previous performance is used to promote tyrannical and preferred development. Giving feedback, whether corrective or reinforcing, is complicated but is an essential part of paramedic education. Feedback plays a central part in the support of cognitive, good and professional development (Archer, 2010). Cognitive theorists view feedback as a relation between actual performance and the intended performance level (Locke Latham, 1990). According to Kluger and DeNisi (1996) this will highlight the gap between a learners knowledge and the required knowledge and provide a learn ing catalyst. Behaviourists conceive feedback as a way of modification or reinforcement of behaviour (Thorndike, 1931). In the health care education literature including paramedic education, feedback seems to lack any form of theoretical basis (Colthart, Bagnall, Evans, Allbutt, Haig et al., 2008).Paramedic education feedback is often problematic for both the provider and recipient. The diversity of the feedback settings creates multiple challenges for paramedic educators in the provision of effective feedback. Settings such as bedside teaching, practical skills training as well as the often chaotic environment have been utilised for the provision of feedback by myself. The protection of the professional standards, the rights and safety of patients as well as the self-conceit of the paramedic student must be safeguarded. Added to this is the acknowledgement of the psychosocial inevitably of the paramedic students as well as ensuring that the feedback is accurate and honest (Molloy , 2009 Higgs, Richardson Abrandt Dahlgren, 2004). These challenges are an ongoing bring out within paramedic education but despite this feedback has been described as the cornerstone of effective clinical teaching (Cantillon Sargeant, 2008).An important factor necessary for progress is the provision of feedback. Parsloe and Wray (2000) suggested that feedback is the fuel of remedyd performance, that it can provide motivation. However, they do warn that motivation can be reversed if you ache the feedback wrong. Feedback should be viewed as a positive tool as even negative aspects of feedback actively encourage learners to improve practice Bennett (2003) affirms that it can also highlight strengths and weaknesses which in turn can lead to enhanced practice. on that point are many types of feedback used to support learners and these can have either a directing or helpful function. Directive feedback can inform a learner of what requires some type of corrective measure whereas fa cilitative feedback can involve the provision of suggestions to facilitate learners in their own adjustment (Archer, 2010). Feedback specificity may also be variable. Specific feedback can sometimes be beneficial for an initial change in performance but it may have a negative effect on the learners ability to just explore their performance which can lead to an undermining of subsequent performance and learning in the long term (Goodman, Wood Hendrix, 2004). Less specific feedback can lead to uncertainty for the learner that may subsequently lead to a reduction in learning (Kluger DeNisi, 1996). Verification and elaborative feedback are structural variances of directive and facilitative types of feedback. Feedback can simply indicate that an answer is correct (verification) or it may facilitate the learner to arrive at the correct answer (elaboration). According to Bangert-Drowns, Kulik, Kulik and Morgan (1991) the guiding principles of feedback are that it should be specific, wi th verifying and elaborative feedback enhancing persuasiveness.I have attempted to utilise a number of types of feedback for my learners since the start of my current studies on the Post Graduate Certificate in Education (PGCE). I will now go on to discuss some of the methods of feedback utilised for the different learners I am currently supporting. I have utilised many of the types of feedback interchangeably and have slowly gained a conscious knowledge of their appropriateness. end-to-end their locatings paramedic students have regularly received constructive feedback which is usually delivered contemporaneously which is something that Price (2005) recommends. A large proportion of the feedback has been delivered informally and is often carried out in between emergency calls and has often been given as a running commentary during student/patient interaction.Non-verbal communication is seen as a strong method of conveying meaning and is often utilised in providing feedback (Stua rt, 2007). Non-verbal communication serves several functions which can be summarised as giving and receiving information, expressing emotions, communicating interpersonal attitudes (e.g. warmth, dominance and liking) and establishing relationships (Williams, 1997). Non-verbal communication requires acute observation by the murderer for accurate interpretation of the message (Golub, 1994). Non-verbal communication includes specific behaviours that include proximity, touch, core-contact and eye gaze, facial expression, body posture and head movements. I have used this form of communication as a method of feedback during bedside teaching sessions and when the student is involved within patient care episodes. A nod and a look of approval are seen as positive feedback which all ads to the feedback process. much formal feedback is given at the end of each shift. The timing and format of these feedback sessions are of great significance. For feedback to have maximal motivational impact o n learning, it should take place while it is still relevant and points raised are therefore more meaningful and alive (Hays, 2006). During these feedback sessions the format is a belong of oral and written. A copy of the written element is given to the student to place in their portfolio. Fish and Twain (1997) believe written notes are essential in providing continuity in the monitoring of progress.Initially, the students were asked to provide a self-assessment of how they felt the shift had gone. This was an addition to the feedback cycle and encouraged learners to be more self-aware and more self-critical but gives an insight into how the student feels about their progress (Mohanna, Wall Chambers, 2004). Rather than a one-way process the feedback becomes collaborative. On further exploration of the literature I became aware that involving the learner in comparative degree self-assessment that places them at the centre of the feedback process will not always improve competence. P aramedic students are frequently required to self-assess their performance in an attempt to identify their own strengths and weaknesses in relation to other peoples views.Written feedback is important for learners as well as teachers. As an on-line tutor for a local HEI I provide support and feedback to paramedic science students via email. These students throw me there work in progress and constructive feedback is given (see appendix X). Any negative comments made are supported to produce positive outcomes which is something that Webb (1955) advocates. According to Archer (2010), lengthy and complex feedback maybe ignored with its briny messages lost. In effort to counteract this problem some of my written feedback has been purposely left concise.In conjunction with verbal feedback students on clinical placement are provided with daily written feedback on patient encounters (see appendix X) which are supported by further written feedback monthly, quarterly and at the end of the cl inical placement (see appendix X).I consider the use of feedback on student progress generated from other sources such as other paramedics and assesors as highly important as part of a systematic approach. Feedback from a variety of sources is described as multi-source feedback (Archer, 2007). Paramedic students on clinical placement are sometimes rostered to work with other Clinical Supervisors or paramedics. beforehand(predicate) in a paramedic students placement a critical development issue was identified by one of my colleagues who had completed a set of shifts with the student. The unacceptably slow pace of the students clinical practice including patient assessment, patient management and long turnaround times at hospital following incidents had been fedback to me. As a students practice placement progresses, evidence of care activities should be gathered showing increasing speed and dexterity with increasing clinical experience (Stuart, 2007). Early support is decisive in pr eventing the student with a learning issue from experiencing the cycle of failure (Cleland, Arnold Chesser, 2005). Other key staff office who had observed the student in practice were consulted to ensure that the issue was as prevalent and problematic as had initially been assessed. Eliciting the opinions of other assessors also helps provide a more fair and unbiased assessment of a students abilities (Gomez, Lobodzinski Hartwell West, 1998). The issue was then raised with the student whilst they were performing a task too slowly. Stuart (2007) highlighted the critical importance of the critical role of providing feedback in learning and support. Furthermore, providing feedback of a development issue whilst it is relevant and alive is important for memory renounce (Bailley, 1998 Gipps, 1994).The key to support struggling students however is to identify specific reasons for worthless performance (Cleland, Arnold Chesser, 2005). Furthermore, major feedback which corrects a parti cular performance deficit should end with a plan of action (Branch Paranjape, 2002). During a feedback session with the student, input regarding specific areas where time could be saved was requested by the student but a specific action plan had not been prepared. Providing poor pure tone feedback may make the student feel they are being in person judged and can lead to defensiveness or reactivity (Katz, 2006). In order to rejuvenate this, the student was closely observed in practice for a set of four shifts in order to identify specific areas of slow practice (see appendix X). A tierce month plan was negotiated with the student to mitigate the problem and a ten point action plan developed which identified ten areas where the student could save time on each call attended (see appendix X). Data was collected over a three month distributor point of the students on scene times and hospital turnaround times. The student was not informed of this in order to avoid the Hawthorne effe ct when working with other members of staff where a subjects normal behaviour and/or study outcomes are altered as a resolvent of the subjects awareness of being under observation (Mangione-Smith. Elliott, McDonald McGlynn, 2002). Branch and Paranjape (2002) state that evaluation should follow efforts at remedying the learners problem. The results of the data after the three month period were therefore presented in chart format to the student (see appendix X) which provided material proof that the student had demonstrated real evidence of progress.Just as paramedic students are interested in their progress, so too should the paramedic educators be interested in the property of their teaching. The measurement of teaching quality can be a very complex, multi-perspective task that may include many different approaches (Hays, 2006). One form of teaching quality assessment is student feedback. Collecting student feedback also sends messages to students that their views are welcome (H ays, 2006). With this is in mind teaching assessment tools were designed to set up the students opinions on the teaching provided (see appendix X). Other feedback has been provided from peer observations (see appendix X).Prehospital education is changing rapidly, and as demonstrated the way paramedic education is delivered at clinical practicum level is also evolving. In order to establish quality and stability in this rapidly changing delivery of education, eliciting feedback from students is critical (Jones, Higgs, de Angelis Prideaux, 2001). A feedback questionnaire was designed to elicit the students opinions on the quality of the learning timetable and reference handbook after three months of the placement period. The students indicated a very high satisfaction rating for the timetable and especially the reference handbook (see appendix X).Feedback was also gained via a questionnaire regarding general teaching effectiveness in areas such as quality of feedback, supervisor/stu dent relationship, goal management and mentoring activities (see appendix X). Whilst overall the feedback obtained regarding general teaching and mentoring effectiveness was very positive, one of the students indicated some dissatisfaction with the prioritisation of goals. This was discussed further with this student who expressed concerns that it was undecipherable in reference to the learning timetable which goals were of a higher priority than others as the learning objectives were set out in chronological order.Patients have also been able to add to the feedback process as they can provide evidence to the students performance. This type of feedback is unique to healthcare professionals and is deemed influential in changing performance (Fidler, Lockyer, Toews, Violato, 1999). However, Archer (2010) warns that feedback elicited from patients may lack validity with Crossley et al. (2008) suggesting that there is expressage correlation with other sources of feedback. This form of feedback is often utilised when a student has been driving the ambulance and the patient is asked about the comfort of the journey to hospital, which is naturally carried out in earshot of the student.Giving feedbackIn the clinical environment it is vital to provide feedback to trainees as without feedback their strengths cannot be reinforced nor can their errors be turn (Ende 1983). It isa crucial step in the acquisition of clinical skills, but clinical teachers either omit to give feedback altogether or the quality of their feedback does not enlighten the trainees of theirstrengths and weaknesses. Omission of feedback can result in adverse consequences, some of which can be long term especially relating to patient care. For effective feedback, teachers need to observe their trainees during their patient interactions and not base their nomenclature on hearsay. Feedback can be formal or informal, brief and warm or long andscheduled, formative during the course of the rotation o r summative at the end of a rotation (Branch Paranjape 2002).Reflection on feedback role ModellingAmbulance services in the UK are slowly becoming reliant on undergraduate paramedic education programs to meet their employment needs (JRCALC, 2000). The HEIs and ambulance services have now forged strong links and work closely with one another in the education of student paramedics with the ambulance services providing the clinical practice placements. The clinical practicum is an important component of a student paramedics development. This practicum seeks to integrate theory and practice as well as enable the development and assessment of professional competencies. During this time in practice the student will have many opportunities to develop skills and to refine these skills based on performance feedback by clinical su